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beknopte samenvatting duurzame ontwikkeling
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Dit is een beknopte samenvatting van de colleges van duurzame ontwikkeling
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samenvatting living in the environment
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Samenvatting van de kennisclips Duurzame Ontwikkeling - Tentamen 2
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Beknopte samenvatting Duurzame Ontwikkeling 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 24Hoofdstuk 1
Environment: everything around us, living and non living things
Ecosystem: certain volume of organisms in a defined area that interact with living and non living
Natures survival strategies follow three principles of sustainability
1. Solar energy
2. Biodiversity
3. Chemical cycling
Key components of sustainability
- Natural capital = natural resources + natural services
o Natural capital – the natural resources and natural services that keep us and other forms of live
alive and support our human economies.
o Natural resources – materials and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans
- Many human activities can degrade natural capital by using normally renewable sources fasten than
nature can restore them, and by overloading natural systems with pollution and wastes.
Sustainable development is development that meets the need of present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs
The 5p’s of sustainable development
Prosperity
Partnership
Peace
Planet
People
DPRSIR Framework Driving forces – Pressures – State of the environment – Impacts – Responses
Socio-economic forces driving human activities, which increase or mitigate pressures on the environment.
Stresses that human activities place on the environment The condition of the environment Effects of
environmental degradation responses by society to the environmental situation
Resources – anything we can obtain from the environment to meet our needs and wants
Perpetual resource supply is continuous and last forever, like the sun
Renewable resource takes several days till several hundred years to renew itself. Only possible if
we don’t use it faste than nature can restore it.
Non-renewable resource exist in a fixed quantity or stock in the earth’s crust it cannot renew
itself so we have to reuse or recycle
Environmental degradation/natural capital degradation: process of wasting, depleting and degrading the earth’s
natural capital at an accelerating rate.
Pollution - Any presence within the environment of a chemical or other agent at a level that is harmful to the
health, survival or activities of humans other organisms.
1. Biodegradable pollutants harmful materials that natural processes can break down over time
2. Non degradable pollutants harmful chemicals that natural processes cannot break down
- Unwanted effects
o Disrupt or degrade life-support systems for humans and other species
o Damage wildlife, human health and property
o Create nuisances such as noise and unpleasant smells, tastes and sights
Ecological footprint: The waste and pollution of the renewable resource products that people use in a certain
area. Per capita ecological footprint: average footprint of an individual in an area. If the ecological footprint is
,larger than its biological capacity to replenish its renewable resources and to absorb the resulting wastes and
pollution, is has an ecological deficit. Its unsustainable
IPAT – Environmental impact model
I=PxAxT
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
Instead of the ecological footprint this model uses both renewable as non-renewable resources. Impact in less
developed countries: population size and degradation of renewable resources.
Impact in more developed countries: overconsumption
Experts have identified four basic causes of environmental problems
1. Population growth
o Human population increases at a fixed percentage per unit of time.
Slow down the growth by reducing poverty through economic development, promoting family
planning and elevating the status of women.
2. Wasteful and unsustainable resource use
o Affluenza: an unsustainable addiction of buying more and more stuff.
3. Poverty
o People are unavle to fulfil their basic needs for adequate food, shelter, health and education
4. Failure to include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in their market prices
Worldviews:
- Planetary management worldview we are separate from and in charge of nature. Nature mainly rxists
to meet our need and increasing wants.
- Stewardship worldview we can and should manage the earth for benefit, but we have a responsibility
to be caring and responsible managers
- Environmental wisdom worldview we are part of, and dependent on nature. Nature exists for all
species, not just for us.
Living sustainably means living on natural income. The renewable resources such as plants, animals and soil
provided by the earth’s natural capital. It also means not depleting or degrading the earth’s natural capital, which
supplies tis income, and providing the human population with adequate and equitable access to this natural
capital ad natural income for the foreseeable future.
Three strategies for reducing our ecological footprints
1. Rely more on renewable energy (sun, wind, flowing water)
2. Protect biodiversity by preventing the degradation of the earth’s species, ecosystems, and natural
processes, and by restoring areas we have degraded
3. Help to sustain the earth’s natural chemical cycles by reducing the production of wastes and pollution,
not overloading natural systems with harmful chemicals, and not removing fasten than nature’s cycles
can replace them.
Scientists use observations, experiments, and models to answer questions about how nature works
Steps that are often used for scientific research:
- Identify a problem
- Find out what is knows about the problem
- Ask a question to investigate
- Collect data to answer the question
- Propose a hypothesis to explain the data
, A scientific hypothesis: a possible explanation of what scientists observe in nature or in the
results of other experiments
- Make testable projections: what should happen when the hypothesis is correct
- Test the projections with further experiments, models or observations. You can use a model
for this: an approximate representation or simulation of a system.
- Accept or reject the hypothesis. Scientific theory: well-tested and widely accepted scientific
hypothesis or a group of related hypotheses.
A well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group
of related hypotheses is called a scientific theory.
Hoofdstuk 2
Demografie
Debate of the classics – eerste filosofen
Plato
- Veel ideeën over de optimale populatiegrootte
- Overheid moest vruchtbaarheid beplaen en was verantwoordelijk voor opvoeding
- Kidneren met aandoeiningen worden vermoord omdat ze de perfecte populatie grootte in gevaar
brachten
S. Augustine
- Verplichting van huwelijk is voor je kinderen zorgen
- Geen kinderen dood maken
- Tegenover gesteeld aan plato
16e eeuw
Machavelli
- Kinderen zijn welkom want zij zorgen uiteindelijk voor militaire kracht
- Veel mensen zorgen voor genoeg geld en soldaten voor een goed en groot leger
Giovanni Botero
- Inwoners verantwoordelijk voor inwoners, en niet de overheid
- Veel inwoners betekent veel risico dat niet iedereen genoeg te eten krijgt
The classic debate
Oprichters Franse Revolutie
- Veel mensen hadden honger, maar landeigenaren verbouwde liever voedsel voor hun paarden ipv
mensen.
- School iedereen, dat reduceert ongelijkheden, promoot rijkdom, wetenschap en technologie.
Thomas Mathus
- De kracht van populatie is groter dan de kracht in de aarde om substanties te creëren.
- Populatie groei exponentieel, voedsel lineair
- Stel het huwelijk uit, dan hebben mensen minder lang de tij dom nageslacht te baren
Friedrich Engels
- Armen zorgen voor een toename in populatie, maar hebben de minste middelen om zichzelf te
onderhouden
The modern debate
The doomsters
- Pessimistische kijk op de wereld en toekomst
- Tragedy of the commons
- Limits to growth
The cornucoplans
- Optimistische kijk op de wereld en toekomst
Moore Lappe & Collins food first
- Agriculture mst be used to provide food first
- No country could not feed itself
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