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This document summarizes all lectures on the block 'People in groups'.
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Lectures Block 1Lecture 06-09-2021
Introduction people in groups
Themes
- Emotion and arousal (you need to know the context of the feelings.)
- Helping behavior
- I spy… (social norms, conformity, obedience.)
- Attitudes (-change)
- Groups (identifying)
- Your wish is my command?
- First impressions (putting people into boxes.)
- Relationships
Classics
- 1898: Norman Triplett: The person who wrote the first psychological paper. He observed
sports. He found that people were faster when in a social situation and took this idea to the
laboratory. He made a competition machine (hengel). And kids needed to do the task and he
found the same thing that his study showed.
- This context is called: Social Facilitation.
Sociale facilitatie is de neiging van mensen om eenvoudige taken beter te volbrengen als er andere
mensen in de buurt zijn.
- 1913: Max Ringelmann: Looked at people put into groups. Looked at rope pulling: if you add
more people to a rope pulling competition, will each person pull even harder? Adding more
number to the team didn’t mean a similar increase in strength.
- This is called the Ringelmann effect: Social Loafing. People can hide a little in the group,
others will do the work, so performance can also go down in a social situation.
Dus social loafing is het bewijs dat social facilitation niet altijd waar is.
- 1924: Social Psychology textbook (Floyd Allport): More collaboration after world war II
between Europe and us. Marshall plan (funding USA to Europe): this increased the
psychology studies too. Things that happened were connected to the psychological studies.
Theme 1: Emotion and arousal
You need information from the environment to get the real emotion.
William James: Theory of emotion. You see something that creates an emotion. This was not true to
James. Physiology is there before the emotion I am afraid.
Arousal means that you are in an active state. You can have the same physiological response in
different emotions. This came up after James: Role of cognition: Attribution.
Emotions are how individuals deal with matters or situations they find personally significant.
, Excitation-transfer model
1979: Zillman
- Learned aggressive behavior
- Arousal from another source
- Interpretation of the arousal (opwinding) state in which aggression is appropriate.
You come from a situation where you were already aroused and that is now followed by an
emotional explosion.
There’re things we’ve learned in a situation (middle finger).
Lecture 14-09-2021
Social influence
We are behaving to what we think is the norm, you constantly influence each other.
Asch – conformism is linked to civil rights movement.
Why do people what they do even if they know what they do is wrong?
Muzafer Sherif (1936)
Reality:
- Strictly empiricist
- Religious faith
- Truth as we are able to understand it.
How do people construct reality together?
He did the Auto Kinetic Experiment (1936): light will start to move, and as soon as it moves you
need to press a key and then tell exactly how far it has moved.
Two phases:
1. Individual experiment: Random answers or some sort of norm?
2. Group experiment: more random answers, or a group norm?
People created a kind of norm. Individual: you make an idea and then you are in a group and you
conform to them and the other way is that people were first in a group and sticked to the norm that
was made there when they did this experiment individual.
Theoretical significance
- Norms are social products
- Groups seem to have a binding power
- No leader
Follow-up research Solomon Asch: Why and under what conditions do people accept/follow the
social norm? Even when they know it is wrong what the others say.
If they gave the right answer, they afterwards still reported that they were very stressed about it.
Social situation= very powerful
- Dependency on others for social approval (normative)
‘I want to be accepted!’
- Dependency on others for information about reality (informational)
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