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samenvatting celmobi: Hoofdstuk 10: Genomen

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samenvatting celmobi: Hoofdstuk 10: Genomen

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  • December 21, 2021
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  • 2021/2022
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Hoofdstuk 10: Genomen
• Genoom coronavirus: RNA
• Supercoil: “over (spannend)- of onder (ontspannend)-winding” => compact
⤷ Gebeurt door enzymen: topoïsomerasen
• 3 vormen van DNA-helix: B-helix, (A- of Z- helix)
• Negatieve supercoil => minder spanning in het DNA
⤷ In tegengestelde richting v/ helix (even compact als positieve)
• Chromatine = DNA + histonen (HU bij prokaryoten)
⤷ Structurele, DNA-bindende eiwitten
Complex van DNA rond histonen (parelsnoer)
= superhelix/solenoïd 4 histoneiwitten + DNA ← nucleosoom

• Parels worden verbonden door ander histoneiwit => draad (30nm)
• Nucleair skelet of scaffold: niet-histoneiwitten => DNA-lussen (van solenoïden)
• Verdere spiralisatie/ condensatie: metafase (=> volledig opgevouwen)
• Interfase: lussen, hetero- of euchromatine
• Telomeren en centromeren: specifieke DNA-sequenties
• Er zijn ook een aantal “autonomous replicating sequences”
• Prokaryotisch genoom
→ Meestal in cirkel van dubbelstrengig DNA = nucleoïd
→ Plasmiden:
▪ Onafhankelijke replicatie van grotere genoom
▪ Vaak kenmerken die nuttig kunnen zijn
▪ Soms integratie met chromosoom => episoom
▪ Conjugatie = overdracht tussen cellen
▪ Incompatibiliteitsgroepen
• Eukaryotisch genoom:
→ Kern ontstaan door instulping (=invaginatie) membraan v/e prokaryoot
→ Organellen: endosymbionthypothese
→ Kern in interactie met cytoplasma
→ Veel meer DNA dan hoeveelheid nodig voor genen
→ Repetitief DNA verklaar vaak verschillen in genoomgrootte
→ Introns, transposons, …
→ Lineaire DNA-moleculen: chromosomen
→ Vaak diploïd (geslachtscellen haploïd)
→ Verpakt in chromatine (niet zo bij prokaryoten)
→ Organelgenomen:
▪ Cirkelvormig, meerdere kopijen/ organel, beperkt # genen
▪ Eigen genetisch systeem maar ook eiwitten gecodeerd in kern
▪ Via maternale overerving (meestal) => geen recombinatie
▪ In het mitochondriaal DNA sneller mutaties want minder herstelmechanismen
=> ziektes
 Vergelijkende moleculaire analyses
▪ Meerdere genoomkopieën/ cel want meerdere mitochondriën

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