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samenvatting chemie: Hoofdstuk 2: Atoomtheorie
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samenvatting chemie: Hoofdstuk 2: Atoomtheorie
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Hoofdstuk 2: Atoomtheorie• Wet van constante samenstelling: zuivere verbinding bevat steeds exact dezelfde elementen
in dezelfde massa-verhouding
• Wet v/d meervoudige verbindingen: wanneer 2 elementen reageren en meerdere
verschillende verbindingen kunnen vormen, kunnen de massa’s v/h 2de element die reageren
met eenzelfde massa v/h 1ste element, herleid worden door kleine ℤ getallen
• Atoomtheorie van Dalton:
→ Materie bestaat uit atomen; ondeelbaar, niet-vernietigbaar
→ Atomen v/e bepaald element zijn identiek in m en andere eigenschappen
→ Verbindingen = combinatie van 2 of meer verschillende atoomsoorten in vaste en
constante verhouding
→ Chemische verbinding = reorganisatie atomen; atomen zelf veranderen niet
• Atoomtheorie van Thomson (plumpudding)
Nucleair atoommodel → kathodestraalbuizen die baan v e- buigen
Q = -1,602 . 10-19C
→ Sferisch homogene diffuse volk van positieve materie, lukraak negatieve e-
→ Milikan ontdekte het e-
• Atoomtheorie van Rutherford:
⤷ Goudfolie-experiment:
→ Alle positieve materie in een kern met hoge dichtheid
⤷ n0 ontdekt door Chadwick
→ e- buiten kern, heel snel in ijle ruimte
→ Kern < protonen + neutronen
• 1 u = 1,66054 . 10-27 kg → kleine massa
• Chemische eigenschappen door schikking e- in wolk
Atoommassagetal = #p+ + # n0
•
Atoomgetal: #p+ + #e- = atoomnummer
• PSE: Ia: alkalimetalen
IIa: aardalkalimetalen
IVa: koolstofgroep
VII: halogenen
! Metaloïden: metalen in p-blok
lanthaniden
actiniden
• Hoofdgroepen: (a)
• Transitie-/ overgangselementen: (b)
• Binnenste transitie-elementen = lanthaniden + actiniden
• Isotopen: zelfde element maar verschillende massa (#n0 verschilt)
→ Massaspectrometer: e--verlies en dan elektrisch veld => andere afbuigingsgraad en
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