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Articles Summary Marine Systems (AEW-32306)
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Articles Summary Marine Systems (AEW-32306)
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Ecological dynamics and resilienceConfronting feedbacks of degraded marine ecosystems – Nyström et al, 2012
Due to anthropogenic pressures ecosystems may flip into an alternative stable state. It is
most times hard to reverse to the original state because not all feedbacks are addressed in
restoration processes. To overcome this problem; (1) identifying and understanding the feedbacks
that may cause “lock in”-effects of degrade marine ecosystem states, (2) develop management
actions geared at breaking feedbacks, (3) understand how feedbacks in natural systems interact with
socioeconomic processes, (4) utilizing windows of opportunity to escape undesirable ecological and
social-ecological states.
How to conceptualize and operationalize resilience in socio-ecologial systems? – Sterk et al, 2017
Reselience is the persistence of relationship within an ecosystem after disturbance. This can
be used to reviewed the resistance to disturbance and speed of return on different spatial and
temporal scales. It is related to the degree of self-organization, learning and adaptation. Millenium
ecosystem assessment (MAE) demonstrated that ecosystems are degraded with lead to decrease
ecosystem service. Emphasized importance to keep system within Safe Operating Space (SOS).
Management of local stressors decrease the risk of climate change-induced shifts. Studies have
formulated seven principles related to resilience. (1) maintain diversity and redundancy, (2) manage
connectivity, (3) manage slow variables and feedbacks , (4) foster complex adaptive system (CAS)
thinking, (5) encourage learning and experimentation, (6) broaden participation and (7) promote
polycentric governance systems. Gilded traps can push systems to critical transition due to positive
feedbacks between social drivers and value of natural resources. Social systems often unexpected
and unpredictable dynamics need for better understanding and the implementation of change.
Change is opportunity for learning and improvement.
Interaction web
Coupled human and natural system dynamics as key to the sustainability of Lake Victoria’s ecosystem
services. (niet volledig) – Downing et al, 2014
The problem on Lake Victoria are the cumulative pressures which are interconnected to the
fisheries and the lakes ability to carry out supporting services. One of the difficulties is the
disagreement between stakeholders and scientist. Main drivers for the fisheries is the market
demand. The organizations involved should be used to have a holistic approach but one focusses
more on the fisheries perspective and the other on the water quality and non-fisheries management.
Changes at the lake are a complex product of social, economic and ecological processes. An
interaction web is made to obtain (a) a description of the system as a whole, (b) all the direct and
indirect pathways connecting different parts of the system, (c) the effect-positive or negative- of the
change, (d) the multiple positive and negative controllers, (e) stabilizing and destabilizing feedbacks
and (f) a view of key elements that can alter the sign of a feedback.
Governance
Navigating social-ecological systems – Berkes et al, 2003
Ecological system can’t be seen without the human dimension and there is a need for
cooperation between different disciplines. In study all components of a system and how the interact
should be analysed. By focussing on only one part of the system the balance within could be
disrupted which leads to a decrease of flexibility within the system. This emphasizes the importance
, of that new researches focus on the prediction and controlling of social-ecological interaction to
make sure are flexible and are resilient to insecurities and surprises. One of to improve the situation
is learning by doing (adaptive management). To deal with uncertainties the resilience concept is
created. This concepts focusses on non-linear dynamics. Resilience in the amount of disturbance a
system can handle without changing to an alternative stable state. It is important that external
drivers are not exceeding the resilient capacity of a system. This is dependent on both all the
components (institutions and natural) within the system. System with a high resilience have a good
chance of deal with disturbance and can protect the ecological, social and economical sustainability.
In the contemporary scientific approach there is to much focus on linear thinking while a more non-
linear approach which is focusses on horizontal and vertical shifts could be more effective.
Designation of marine protected areas in Belgium: A legal and ecological success? – Bogaert et al,
2009
A policy process was made to designate MPA. Problems within the process were a lack of
legitimacy and huge conflicts and processes from several stakeholders. Nowadays policy makers have
a more consensus-base approaches. This is done by a shift from an authoritative to a more
deliberative decision making process. The coastal zones had several types of habitats with large
number of conflicting human uses. The management was horizontal and vertical fragmented. The
vertical competences were on federal, regional and local level and the horizontal levels on several
administrative departments. One problem within the article was the regulatory split of land and sea
which leads to institutional division. A PAA was used to study the policy process. The starting point of
the approach is the interplay between daily policy-making processes and more structural societal and
political processes. The designation of MPAs is not restricted to one policy domain. The MPA had to
tackle two problems; (1) the protection of marine and ecological values and (2) the fulfilment of
international obligations. The first designation lead to protest were the protesters use an offensive
discourse. The protest mainly focussed on prohibitions and restrictions which illustrated the
problems of expected loss of income, the perception of inequality between sectors and between
countries. So the top-down policy lead to mistrust and lack of legitimacy. So the identification of
possible conflicts was wanted which lead to an unilateral (ecological) approach. Later one the
focussed went beyond scientific expertise and international legal obligations but shifted from
exclusive forces to problem finding solution but was still kind of top-down. At a third try a more
integrated manner was used based on consultation on the basis of socio-economic and ecological
studies. This proposal could be characterised by important shift is; power and resources, informal
and formal rules, arguments, and coalitions combined with a shift in relation to the resource of
power. With this new policy the MPA were designated and international obligations were filled but
still some people doubt the management and enforcement but see the improvement the
acknowledge the established trust and have the insight that the sea can’t be used without limit. In
this case a middle ground approach was needed. There is still need for follow-up care.
Governance Tools
The Dynamics of Policy Arrangements: Turning Round the Tetrahedron – Liefferink, 2006
Policy arrangements approach (PAA) is to analytically link changes in day to day policy
practices to broader, structural change is contemporary society. The PAA offers four dimension:
actors and coalitions, resources and power, rules of the game, and discourses which are inextricably
interwoven. A change in one dimension can impact on or more of the other dimensions. The PAA
makes it possible to describe this interaction by capturing the full dynamics of change. The actor
dimension has question linked to into regarding changes in the relationship between state, market
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