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Samenvatting Orthopedagogische Methoden En Interventies
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Academiejaar 2021 - 2022Orthopedagogische
methoden en
interventies
Professionele bachelor in de orthopedagogie
Merel Vanhove
Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 0
,Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 1
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. omgaan met agressie .............................................................................................................................. 10
Wat is agressie? .......................................................................................................................................... 10
definitie .................................................................................................................................................. 10
scores van agressie.................................................................................................................................. 10
agressie: een subjectief en normatief begrip............................................................................................ 10
theoretische kaders en hun kijk op agressie → onstaan van agressie ....................................................... 11
psycho-analyse .................................................................................................................................... 11
systeemtheorie ................................................................................................................................... 11
contextuele theorie (Nagy) .................................................................................................................. 11
agressie-frustratietheorie .................................................................................................................... 11
nativisme ............................................................................................................................................ 11
behaviorisme....................................................................................................................................... 11
sociale leertheorie (Bandura) ............................................................................................................... 12
sociale leertheorie (Patterson) ............................................................................................................. 12
welke visie krijgt voorkeur ................................................................................................................... 12
cliënt gedraagt zich agressie, niet is agressief .......................................................................................... 12
soorten agressie en uitingsvormen .......................................................................................................... 12
soorten agressie op basis van oorzaak ................................................................................................. 12
uitingsvormen van agressie ................................................................................................................. 13
conclusie agressie.................................................................................................................................... 14
gedragsbeeld van kinderen/jongeren die vaak agressief gedrag vertonen ................................................ 14
begrip ≠ goedkeuring............................................................................................................................... 15
preventie van agressie ................................................................................................................................ 16
de begeleider .......................................................................................................................................... 16
zelfkennis ............................................................................................................................................ 16
kijk op agressie .................................................................................................................................... 16
kijk op cliënt ........................................................................................................................................ 16
relatie begeleider-cliënt .......................................................................................................................... 17
algemeen handelingskader voor de begeleider ........................................................................................ 17
de twee pijlers van een contructief (ortho)pedagogisch klimaat ........................................................... 17
de drie handelingsvormen ................................................................................................................... 18
toezicht houden en anticiperen op mogelijke frustraties en triggers ........................................................ 19
omgaan met agressie .................................................................................................................................. 20
eigen veiligheid is prioriteit ..................................................................................................................... 20
buikgevoel volgen! .................................................................................................................................. 20
Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 2
, algemene tips voor het omgaan met agressie .......................................................................................... 20
enige logische volgorde in omgaan met acute agressie ............................................................................ 21
aanpak afgestemd op de soort agressie ................................................................................................... 22
instrumentele agressie ........................................................................................................................ 22
frustratie-agressie ............................................................................................................................... 22
2. Speelse methodieken in de begeleiding van kinderen en jongeren ........................................................... 24
inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 24
nut van het werken met speelse methodieken ............................................................................................ 24
valkuilen speelse methodieken ................................................................................................................... 24
voorwaarden bij het werken met speelse methodieken............................................................................... 25
werken met metaforen ............................................................................................................................... 25
tekeningen.................................................................................................................................................. 25
vrij tekenen ............................................................................................................................................. 25
tekenen als opdracht............................................................................................................................... 26
werken met poppen.................................................................................................................................... 26
poppenhuis ............................................................................................................................................. 26
duplopoppen........................................................................................................................................... 26
werken met handpoppen ........................................................................................................................ 26
werken met prentenboeken ........................................................................................................................ 27
meerwaarde van het prentenboek als methodiek .................................................................................... 27
aan de slag met het prentenboek ............................................................................................................ 28
spel ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
gezelschapsspel ....................................................................................................................................... 28
specifieke doelgroepen........................................................................................................................ 28
coöperatieve gezelschapsspellen ......................................................................................................... 28
(psycho-)educatieve/therapeutische spellen............................................................................................ 29
speelse methodieken/ materialen ............................................................................................................... 29
digitale speelse methodieken .................................................................................................................. 29
3. preventie ................................................................................................................................................ 30
inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
onstaansgeschiedenis ................................................................................................................................. 30
definitie ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
initiatieven .............................................................................................................................................. 30
systematisch ........................................................................................................................................... 30
probleem ................................................................................................................................................ 30
voorkomen.............................................................................................................................................. 30
doelbewust ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 3
, de preventiecyclus ...................................................................................................................................... 31
preventiemodellen...................................................................................................................................... 32
model van caplan .................................................................................................................................... 32
het preventieschema van De Cauter ........................................................................................................ 33
het preventieschema van Deklerck .......................................................................................................... 34
het interventiespectrum van Mrazek en Haggerty ................................................................................... 35
wat is goede preventie? .............................................................................................................................. 35
hoe doe je dat nu? .................................................................................................................................. 36
vijf dimensies van wenselijke algemenen preventie: ................................................................................ 36
4. Timmers ErvaringsOrdeningen................................................................................................................. 37
inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
de 4 ervaringsordeningswijzen .................................................................................................................... 37
de ordeningswijzen: een circulair systeem ............................................................................................... 37
de ordeningswijzen: dominantie .............................................................................................................. 39
de orthopedagogische relevantie van de methodiek ................................................................................ 39
de profielschets .......................................................................................................................................... 40
5. ontwikkelingsdynamische benadering van Anton Došen .......................................................................... 41
inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
uitgangsprincipes ........................................................................................................................................ 41
integratieve benadeirng .......................................................................................................................... 41
ontwikkelingsdynamisch model ............................................................................................................... 42
doelgroepoverschrijdend......................................................................................................................... 42
sociaal emotionele ontwikkeling en sensitieve responsiviteit ................................................................... 42
ontstaan van geestelijke gezondheidsproblemen ..................................................................................... 43
fases van emotionele ontwikkeling en persoonlijkheidsstructuren ............................................................... 43
fases van emotionele ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 43
persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling en persoonlijkheidsstructuren ................................................................... 44
emotionele ontwikkelingsfasen ................................................................................................................... 44
samenvatting .......................................................................................................................................... 47
begeleidingstips per fase ..................................................................................................................... 47
structuur en grenzen per fase .............................................................................................................. 47
activiteiten per fase ............................................................................................................................. 47
communicatie per fase ........................................................................................................................ 47
probleemgedrag per fase..................................................................................................................... 47
de SEO-R2 schaal ......................................................................................................................................... 48
besluit behandeling..................................................................................................................................... 49
kritische noot .............................................................................................................................................. 49
Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 4
,6. emotionele ontwikkeling in verbinding .................................................................................................... 50
algemeen schema ....................................................................................................................................... 50
basisthema’s (behoeften) van emotionele ontwikkeling van de cliënt .......................................................... 51
verschuiving in kijk op uitdagende situaties ................................................................................................. 51
mentaliseren............................................................................................................................................... 51
mentaliseren en gehechtheid .................................................................................................................. 51
innerlijke dialoog: buikgevoel .............................................................................................................. 52
innerlijke dialoog: hoofd ...................................................................................................................... 54
reflecteren/mentaliseren in proces.......................................................................................................... 54
wederzijdse emotionele verbinding ............................................................................................................. 56
7. gentle teaching ....................................................................................................................................... 57
inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 57
relatie cliënt – begeleider staat centraal .................................................................................................. 57
de 4 peilers van teaching ......................................................................................................................... 57
kern en periferie...................................................................................................................................... 57
John McGee - grondlegger .......................................................................................................................... 57
inspiratiebronnen voor gentle teaching ....................................................................................................... 58
paulo Freire............................................................................................................................................. 58
bevrijdingsteologie .................................................................................................................................. 58
hechtingstheorieën ................................................................................................................................. 58
gentle teaching is een methodiek… met methodische aspecten................................................................... 58
gentle teaching is een grondhouding ........................................................................................................... 58
gentle teaching is tegengesteld aan een gedragsmatige benadering ............................................................ 59
de gedragsmatige aanpak: een diep ingesleten gewoonte ....................................................................... 59
gentle teaching versus behaviorisme ....................................................................................................... 60
uitgangspunten van gentle teaching ............................................................................................................ 60
psychologie van de onderlinge/ wederzijdse afhankelijkheid ................................................................... 60
agressie en gedragsproblemen ontstaan uit angst ................................................................................... 61
companionship........................................................................................................................................ 61
7 relationele bouwtenen in gentle teaching................................................................................................. 61
alle mensen zijn gelijkwaardig ................................................................................................................. 61
acceptatie ............................................................................................................................................... 61
kwetsuren aanvaarden ........................................................................................................................ 61
mensen aanvaarden in hun kern en in hun periferie ............................................................................ 62
focus op kern en niet op de periferie ....................................................................................................... 62
wees in het heden en hou rekening met de levensgeschiedenis ............................................................... 62
onvoorwaardelijkheid.............................................................................................................................. 62
Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 5
, waarderen .............................................................................................................................................. 63
geweldloosheid ....................................................................................................................................... 63
de 4 pijlers van gentle teaching ................................................................................................................... 63
inleiding .................................................................................................................................................. 63
pijler 1: Safe: veiligheid en vertrouwen (geborgenheid) ........................................................................... 63
samenzijn ............................................................................................................................................ 64
pijler 2: Loved: graag gezien voelen (geliefd)............................................................................................ 64
samen doen ........................................................................................................................................ 64
pijler 3: Loving: het vermogen om anderen graag te zien (liefdevol) ......................................................... 64
voor jou doen ...................................................................................................................................... 64
pijler 4: engagement (wederkerigheid) .................................................................................................... 64
voor anderen doen .............................................................................................................................. 64
relationeel krediet en relationeel mandaat.................................................................................................. 65
tools in gentle teaching ............................................................................................................................... 65
de totale dialoog ..................................................................................................................................... 65
geweldloosheid ................................................................................................................................... 66
waarderend karakter ........................................................................................................................... 66
non-verbale communicatie .................................................................................................................. 66
verbale communicatie ......................................................................................................................... 66
unieke afstemming .............................................................................................................................. 67
stretchen van de relatie........................................................................................................................... 67
overheersende versus ondersteunende interventies: gewoontepatronen doorbreken ............................. 68
reflecteer over jezelf ............................................................................................................................... 68
8. Life Space Crisis Intervention ................................................................................................................... 69
wat is LSCI? ................................................................................................................................................. 69
historiek...................................................................................................................................................... 69
doelgroep ................................................................................................................................................... 69
visie van LSCi op conflicten .......................................................................................................................... 70
doelstellingen van LSCI ................................................................................................................................ 70
effect op lange termijn ................................................................................................................................ 71
wie/waar/wanneer ..................................................................................................................................... 71
uitgangspunten van de methodiek .............................................................................................................. 71
de conflictcyclus.......................................................................................................................................... 73
conflictcyclus doorbreken........................................................................................................................ 73
crisis ........................................................................................................................................................... 73
emotionele eerste hulp ............................................................................................................................... 74
zes-fasenmodel van LSCI ............................................................................................................................. 75
Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 6
, fase 1: ontladen van emoties ................................................................................................................... 75
fase 2: tijdlijn maken ............................................................................................................................... 76
fase 3: centrale thema selecteren ............................................................................................................ 76
fase 4: inzicht verwerven ......................................................................................................................... 77
fase 5: nieuwe vaardigheden ................................................................................................................... 77
fase 6: transfer van het geleerde ............................................................................................................. 77
patronen van zelfvernietigend gedrag ......................................................................................................... 78
Red Flag intervention (hints geven) ......................................................................................................... 78
Reality Rub Intervention (vervormd denken) ........................................................................................... 78
Symptom Estrangement Intervention (symptoom vervreemding) ............................................................ 79
massaging Numb Values Intervention (stimuleren verdoofde waarden) ................................................... 79
New Tools Intervention (nieuwe sociale vaardigheden) ........................................................................... 80
Manipulation of Body Boundaries Intervention (manipulatie van vriendschapsrelaties) ........................... 80
LSCI vaardigheden ....................................................................................................................................... 80
valkuilen bij LSCI ......................................................................................................................................... 81
9. Inclusie.................................................................................................................................................... 82
hoe ervaar je onze samenleving?................................................................................................................. 82
martha nussbaum en Amartya Sen .......................................................................................................... 82
Nicole Vettenburg ................................................................................................................................... 82
Harry kunneman ..................................................................................................................................... 82
dikke-ik gedrag .................................................................................................................................... 83
positie van de hulpverlener ................................................................................................................. 83
cummunity building .................................................................................................................................... 83
uitgangspunten ....................................................................................................................................... 83
twee methodieken .................................................................................................................................. 84
kwartiermaken .................................................................................................................................... 84
buurtvervlechting ................................................................................................................................ 86
faalfactoren ............................................................................................................................................ 87
microvlak: niveau van de cliënt ............................................................................................................ 87
mesovlak: niveau van de organisatie .................................................................................................... 87
macrovlak: niveau van de samenleving ................................................................................................ 87
intermediair werk → nieuw profiel! ............................................................................................................ 88
10. arbeid en arbeidszorg .......................................................................................................................... 89
definiëring arbeidszorg................................................................................................................................ 89
arbeidszorg op snijpunt arbeid en zorg .................................................................................................... 89
factoren die participatie belemmeren...................................................................................................... 89
over wie gaat het in de arbeidszorg? ....................................................................................................... 89
Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 7
, arbeid is geen arbeidszorg ....................................................................................................................... 90
arbeidsmatige activiteiten ....................................................................................................................... 90
arbeidstrajectbegeleiding ........................................................................................................................ 90
arbeidszorg ............................................................................................................................................. 90
wat valt hier niet onder? ..................................................................................................................... 91
methodieken die begeleider inzet in arbeidszorg ..................................................................................... 91
kringgesprekken .................................................................................................................................. 91
eigen initiatief model EIM .................................................................................................................... 91
ergotherapeutische hulpmiddelen ....................................................................................................... 92
ondersteuning of support: regel van 10 ................................................................................................... 92
arbeidszorg van naderbij ............................................................................................................................. 93
4 vormen van arbeidszorg ....................................................................................................................... 93
atelier en enclave/werkeiland.............................................................................................................. 93
individuele taken en begeleid werken .................................................................................................. 93
management .............................................................................................................................................. 95
personeelsbeleid ..................................................................................................................................... 95
arbeidszorg organiseren – uitdagingen voor het management ................................................................. 95
Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 8
, Orthopedagogische methoden en interventies 9
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