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English Text And Communication Summary 1

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Text and Communication Summary 1, given by Jasmien Dewilde in the first semester

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  • December 28, 2021
  • 16
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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Text & communication

Communication



How do we communicate?
 Different communication models

1. Transmission model


- Communication = linear, one-way
process
- Intentional message
- Receiver= target end point


2. Transactional model

- human communication is
complex
- Communicators: generate social
realities in social, relational and
cultural contexts
- No sender/receiver -> both are
communicators
- Two-way process



Miscommunicati on
 Where can it go wrong?

 Practical consideration
o is listener able to hear you?
o Distractions, noise, face masks, ….
 Interpersonal, cognitive, psychological considerations:
o Subjectivity, own interpretations, connotation of words
o Relationship to the other person
o Number of communicators in conversation

, Text


 Nothing IS a text, but anything can BECOME a tekst in certain situation
 Text is both product & process: meaning is determined by sender & receiver


7 standards of textuality

1. Cohesion
 Ties across sentences that joint hem together
o Conjunctions, personal pronouns
o Eg. There is a syllabus for the English course. It can be found on BB

2. Coherence
 Logical connections between text elements
o It was raining. Charles closed his umbrella. -> opened

3. Intentionality
 Sender-oriented
 Producer of the text brings words together to achieve specific goal

4. Acceptability
 Receiver-oriented
 Does the text match the expectations of receiver in certain context?

5. Informativity
 Are the text elements expected-unexpected, known-unknown?
o Eg. You cannot find answer in websites FAQ, class teaches nothing new, …

6. Situationality
 Is the text relevant to a certain situation?
o Eg. Talking in a noisy place, teacher only playing video’s in class, …

7. Intertextuality
 Dependence of a text on an earlier text
o Assumes certain knowledge of reader
o Parodies, critical reviews, reports, …

, Cohesion

 Not user-centred but text-centred notion, resource for writers & readers
 Cohesion <-> coherence
o Text can be cohesive but still be incoherent (not making any sense)
o Cohesion = objective <-> coherense = subjective (how one interprets)


Lexical cohesion


 Meaningful relations between sentence elements -> text unity

1. Repetition (recurrence)

 Repetition: same morphological word <-> partial repetition: inflected form

2. Sense relations

a. Synonymy
o Use of words with a similar meaning
o Can differ stylistically: can have different register !
o Near-synonym <-> perfect synonym

b. Antonymy
o Expression of opposite meaning
o Old-new, …

c. Hyphonymy
o Hierarchy between words: sense of 1 word is included in the other
o General vs specific: fruit – oranges, animal – cat, …

d. Meronymy
o Denotes a part or member of something
o Car > tire, hand > finger, …

3. Paraphrase

 Lexical item is expressed twice, but in a different way (using more words)

a. Expansion
o Second occurence = more detailed, explanation of first one
o Some students disrupt the lessons. They talk, eat, play with their phone, …

b. Condensation
o First occurence = more detailed, second one is more general

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