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History summary of modern Japan, from 1868
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Summary of the course history of modern Japan from 1868, taught by Prof Hartmann
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Geschiedenis van het moderneJapan
Inhoud
Focus on slides with lots of text!! Slides with pictures less important...................................................3
1. Bakamatsu (1853-1868)......................................................................................................................3
1.1. Political developments.................................................................................................................4
1.1.1. Saikoku: 4 windows..............................................................................................................4
1.1.2. The Opium War 1840-1842...................................................................................................4
1.1.3. Unequal Treaties...................................................................................................................4
1.1.4. Bôshin War (1868)................................................................................................................5
1.1.5. Charter Oath of Five Articles.................................................................................................5
1.2. Socio-economic developments....................................................................................................6
1.2.1. Tenpô Famine in 1830..........................................................................................................6
1.2.2. Inflation................................................................................................................................6
2. Meiji Restauration (1868-1912)..........................................................................................................6
2.1. Political developments.................................................................................................................6
2.1.1. Reforms of the early Meiji years...........................................................................................6
2.1.2. The Iwakura Mission (1871-1873).........................................................................................7
2.1.3. Domestic conflicts.................................................................................................................7
2.1.4. Constitution..........................................................................................................................9
2.2. Socio-economic developments....................................................................................................9
2.2.1. Reforms of the early Meiji years...........................................................................................9
2.2.2. Civilization and Enlightenment Movement.........................................................................10
2.2.3. Industrial revolution...........................................................................................................10
2.2.4. Women in workforce..........................................................................................................10
2.2.5. Compulsory education........................................................................................................11
2.2.6. Japan’s new ‘name’.............................................................................................................11
2.3. Aspects that turned Japan of the Meiji period into Nation-State..............................................11
3. Empire Building.................................................................................................................................11
3.1. Further nation-building and empire-building............................................................................11
3.2. First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)........................................................................................11
3.3. Treaty Revisions.........................................................................................................................12
3.4. Boxer Rebellion..........................................................................................................................12
3.5. Russo-Japanese War (1904 – 1905)...........................................................................................12
, 3.6. 1905 – 1914 – Crisis and a “Sense of an Ending”.......................................................................14
4. The Taisho Period and Japan’s imperial propaganda (PHD lecture).................................................14
4.1. The Taishô Period (1912 - 1926)................................................................................................14
4.2. The Taishô Democracy and media.............................................................................................15
4.3. Sommens’ research: “Department of Information” of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and how
consciousness towards media grew within MOFA...........................................................................15
5. The Taishô era (1912 – 1926)...........................................................................................................18
5.2. Taisho Democracy and social movements.................................................................................18
5.3 First World War and Twenty One Demands..............................................................................18
5.4 “Shidehara diplomacy” vs. “Tanaka diplomacy”........................................................................19
5.5 The ”Great Kantō Earthquake” 1923.........................................................................................20
5.6 Taiwan Bank Crisis 1927-28.......................................................................................................20
5.7 Assassination of Zhang Zuolin....................................................................................................20
6. The fifteen-year war.........................................................................................................................21
6.1. Economic Crisis and Depression................................................................................................21
6.2. “Manchurian Incident” 1931 and founding of Manchukuo.......................................................21
6.3. “February 26 Incident”..............................................................................................................22
6.4. “Marco Polo Bridge Incident”....................................................................................................22
6.5. Mobilization of the Home Front and a New order.....................................................................22
6.6. The Pacific War..........................................................................................................................23
6.7. Collapse of the Japanese empire...............................................................................................24
7. Postwar period.................................................................................................................................25
7.1. Radio Declaration of Emperor Hirohito.....................................................................................25
7.2. Potsdam Declaration (July 26, 1945).........................................................................................25
7.3. Aims and Policies of Occupation................................................................................................26
7.4. 1947 Postwar constitution.........................................................................................................26
7.5. Reverse course and Red Purge..................................................................................................27
7.6. Rebuilding the Economy............................................................................................................27
7.7. End of the occupation................................................................................................................28
8. High growth......................................................................................................................................28
8.1. 4 economic boom phases..........................................................................................................29
8.1.1. Jinmu (1954 – 1957) and Iwato (1958 – 1961)....................................................................29
8.1.2. Olympia (1962 – 1965)........................................................................................................29
8.1.3. Izanagi (1963 – 1970)..........................................................................................................29
8.2. Working population...................................................................................................................29
8.3. Urbanization and migration.......................................................................................................30
, 8.4. Improved living standards.........................................................................................................30
9. 1955-System and Anpo protests.......................................................................................................30
9.1. 1955-system..............................................................................................................................30
9.2. Anpo protests............................................................................................................................31
9.3. Change in life quality.................................................................................................................31
9.4. Oil shocks...................................................................................................................................32
9.5. Nixon shocks..............................................................................................................................32
10. End of Shôwa..................................................................................................................................33
10.1. Japan’s relations with Asia.......................................................................................................33
10.2. Nihonjinron..............................................................................................................................33
10.3. Politics, Society and culture.....................................................................................................33
10.4. The end of Shôwa....................................................................................................................34
Focus on slides with lots of text!! Slides with
pictures less important
Don’t have to know Edo period, but it is an interesting background to see the aspects which
turned Modern Japan in a protonation state
o Unified rule
o A comprehensive registration of and control over religious groups
o Transregional standards: maps, land ownership, and rice taxes
o A commonly shared cultural background of political elite, based on sankin kōtai
(“Alternate Attendance”) system
o The printing industry causes the creation of a national readership, using a common,
standardized written language
o A national economy with a capacity for highly diversified production
o Bipolar conception of the world: Japan versus the rest of the world (in middle ages
multipolar)
Cultural rivalry with China
1. Bakamatsu (1853-1868)
o 2 ways to define the end of Bakamatsu: one narrow and one broader
Not one event which caused the end
o In narrow definition: the years 1853-1867/68
Beginning in 1853: the year the “Black Ships” under Commodore Perry
came to Uraga bay and the opening of the country was demanded.
End:
1867: last shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu (also T. Keiki), formally
petitioned the emperor (Emperor Meiji, who had just ascended
throne) to accept the restoration of power.
1868: after short fighting, Edo was handed over to the restoration
forces.
Minority opinion—1869: the last remnants of the bakufu forces
surrender in Hakodate (Hokkaidō)
, Minority opinion—1871: all formal feudal fiefs (han) are abolished
and transferred into prefectures (ken) of a new centralized nation
state.
Minority opinion—1872.12.31.: the Gregorian calendar is adopted in
Japan
o In broader definition: late 1839s/1840s to 1867/68
Beginning:
The (First) Opium War (1839–1842) ushered in a much more
heightened sense of crisis in Japanese political elite.
The socio-economic paradoxes and crisis became more and more
evident (Tenpō famine years 1833–1839/ uprising under Ōshio
Heihachirō in Ōsaka, 1837/ the so called Tenpō reforms, fail to take a
long lasting effect).
1830s/1840s: anti-Tokugawa government discourses (“restoration of
the old [order/rule by the emperor]” and a radical xenophobic
discourse of the “expulsion of barbarians” gained momentum. This,
in the 1850s, was combined with the idea of “revere the emperor
and expel the barbarians”
1.1. Political developments
1.1.1. Saikoku: 4 windows
“Closed country” invented by German
4 windows:
o Nagasaki: Chinese residence -> Relations w/ Ming Dynasty
o the feudal domains of Matsumae: samurai outpost -> trade w/ Ainu and
indirectly ‘current’ Russia
o Satsuma: Shimazu family -> Relations with Ryukyu (was independent kingdom,
but still magistrate was Japanese)
Satsuma invaded and put J. magistrate but China could not
know -> once a year hid (they did know tho)
o Tsushima: Relations w/ Korea
Japan was not a closed country! But accounted very well
Dejima: small island: Dutch VOC trade settlement
End of 18th century: foreign ships start to approach with attempts to trade
1st the Russians, later the British
1.1.2. The Opium War 1840-1842
War between Britain and China: the British traded/smuggled Opium to China
Led to Hong Kong opening their borders
King William of the Netherlands sent letter to Japan stating that the world has changed,
hoping to gain that they will open up more to trade agreements
But the war became known in Japan and it heightened the sense
of crisis among the Japanese elite. There was a fear and
powerful political discourse on Japan possibly meeting the same
fate as China.
1.1.3. Unequal Treaties
Arrival of Perry and his kurofune (1853)
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