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Samenvatting Economie

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Samenvatting micro & macro

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  • January 3, 2022
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MACRO ECONOMIE
Samenvatting les




LISA DECOCK

,Inhoud
Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................3
Economische kringloop..........................................................................................................................3
Berekening van de economische activiteit.............................................................................................4
Het reële en nominale bbp.....................................................................................................................9
5 Nationaal Inkomen en Werkgelegenheid..........................................................................................12
5.2.1 Aanbod van arbeidskrachten.......................................................................................................12
5.2.2 Vraag naar arbeidskrachten.........................................................................................................14
5.2.3 Werkeloosheid.............................................................................................................................18
5.2.4 Werkeloosheid: soorten en oorzaken..........................................................................................20
5.2.5 Bestrijding van de werkeloosheid................................................................................................21
06 Geld, Monetair Beleid en Inflatie.....................................................................................................24
6.1.1 Functies van het geld...................................................................................................................24
6.1.2 Betalingsverkeer vandaag............................................................................................................25
6.1.3 Geldsubstitutie – Geldscheppeing/vernietiging...........................................................................27
6.1.4 Vraag naar en aanbod van geld...................................................................................................31
6.1.5 Het monetaire evenwicht............................................................................................................32
6.2 De monetaire politiek van het eurosysteem...................................................................................34
..............................................................................................................................................................36
6.3. Het inflatieverschijnsel..................................................................................................................37
6.3.1 Inflatie – begrip............................................................................................................................37
6.3.2 Oorzaken van inflatie : 3 categorieën..........................................................................................39
6.3.3 Gevolgen van (hoge) inflatie ( gwn lezen)....................................................................................40
6.3.4 Bestrijding van inflatie.................................................................................................................41
6.3.5 De inflatie in België vanaf 2010...................................................................................................42
6.3.6. Deflatie.......................................................................................................................................42
7 Internationaal Betalingsverkeer........................................................................................................44
7.1 De wisselmarkt...............................................................................................................................44
7.1.2 De hoogte van de wisselkoers.....................................................................................................50
7.1.4 Van Bretton Woods.....................................................................................................................58
7.1.5 … tot economische en moneteire unie (EMU).............................................................................58
7.3 Mondiale samenwerking : internationaal betalingsverkeer...........................................................59
7.3.1 Internationaal Monetair Fonds (IMF)..........................................................................................59
7.3.2 De Wereldbank............................................................................................................................60
7.4 Internationale beleidscoördinatie..................................................................................................61

1

,08 Internationaal Handelsverkeer........................................................................................................62
8.1.1 Internationale context.................................................................................................................62
8.1.2 Buitenlandse handel van België 2015-2018.................................................................................64
8.2 De werking van het systeem van vrij internationaal handelsverkeer.............................................65
8.2.1 Theorie van Adam Smith.............................................................................................................65
8.2.3 Voordelen van internationale handel..........................................................................................66
8.2.3 Nadelen van internationale handel.............................................................................................66
8.2.4 ongebreidelde vrijhandel of toch niet?........................................................................................66
8.3 Handelspolitieke maatregelen........................................................................................................70
8.4 Mondiale samenwerking................................................................................................................70
8.4.1 Wereldhandelsorganisatie (WTO)...............................................................................................70
8.4.2 UNCTAD.......................................................................................................................................71
8.4 OESO...............................................................................................................................................71
8.5 Vormen van economische integratie..............................................................................................72
8.5.1 Vrijhandelszone...........................................................................................................................72
8.5.2 Douane-unie................................................................................................................................72
8.5.3 Gemeenschappelijke markt.........................................................................................................72
8.5.4 Economische Unie.......................................................................................................................72
8.5.5 Monetaire Unie...........................................................................................................................73
09 Conjuntuur, groei, milieu en duurzame ontwikkeling......................................................................73
9.3 Milieu..............................................................................................................................................73
9.4 Duurzame ontwikkeling: groei en milieu........................................................................................74
10 Overheid..........................................................................................................................................75
10.1 Overheidstussenkomst of toch niet?............................................................................................75
10.2 Doelstellingen van economische politiek( op lange termijn)........................................................76
10.2 Doelstellingen van economische politiek( op korte termijn)........................................................77
10.4 De overheidsfinanciën..................................................................................................................79
10.4.1 De overheidsbegroting..............................................................................................................79
10.4.3 De overheidsuitgaven................................................................................................................80
10.4.4 De ontvangsten van de overheid...............................................................................................80
10.4.5 Het financieringssaldo van de overheid.....................................................................................81
10.4.6 De overheidsschuld...................................................................................................................82
10.4.6 Overheidsschuld en rentesneeuwbaleffect...............................................................................82




2

, Economie: Macro
Inleiding
Macro-economie = deel van de economische wetenschap dat de economische grootheden op
geaggregeerd niveau bestudeert (=grote groepen)

Grote groepen = Een land, Europa als geheel, Handelsrelaties tussen landen, …

Alle economische “agenten” of “huishoudingen” worden in samenhang bestudeerd

Macro-economische vraagstukken over economische groei, armoede, milieu, werkloosheid, inflatie,




De huishoudingen die de macro-economie bestudeert, zijn:

• de gezinnen

• de bedrijven

• de overheid

• het buitenland

Economische kringloop
De activiteiten van die huishoudingen die de macro-economie bestudeert zijn:

• De gezinnen consumeren (C) en sparen (S)

• De bedrijven investeren (I)

• De overheid belast (T) en consumeert (G)

• Het buitenland: België exporteert naar (X) en importeert van (M) het buitenland

De bedrijven investeren (I)

 vervangingsinvesteringen: om kapitaalgoederen te vervangen die onderhevig zijn aan slijtage 
geen uitbreiding productiecapaciteit

 uitbreidingsinvesteringen: om kapitaalgoederen uit te breiden  uitbreiding
productiecapaciteit

 Breedte-investeringen: uitbreiding zonder verhoging kapitaalintensiteit*

 Diepte-investeringen: uitbreiding met verhoging kapitaalintensiteit *

 voorraadinvesteringen: aanleggen van voorraden van niet verkochte consumptiegoederen
(vlottende investeringen) – desinvesteringen indien voorraad afneemt




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