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Neurological disorders
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DEscriptions of different neurological disorders including Parkinsons, Alzheimers, ALS and Huntington's disease (details, causes, symptoms and treatments)
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Neurological disordersMonday, 8 November 2021 9:40 AM
Neurodegeneration
- Progressive loss of structure or function of neurons
○ Alzheimer’s disease
○ Parkinson’s disease
○ Huntington’s disease
○ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- There are many parallels between different neurodegenerative
disorders including atypical protein assemblies as well as induced
cell death.
- Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of
neuronal circuitry ranging from the molecular to systemic level.
- Dementia
○ Alzheimers disease
§ 60-80%
○ Vascular dementia
§ 10-20%
○ Dementia of Lewy body / parkinson disease dementia
§ 10-15%
○ Frontotemporal dementia
§ 10%
§ Other types
○ Estimated 35.6 million people
○ Total projected to double every 20 years
○ Approx. 15% over 65
○ Incidence doubles every 10 years after 60
○ 50% prevalence over age 90
Alzheimers disease
- Early stage (mild)
○ A person may function independently
§ They may still drive, work and be part of social activities
○ Symptoms may not be widely apparent at this stage but family
and close friends may take notice
○ Common difficulties include
§ Remembering the right word / name
§ Remembering names when introduced to new people
§ Having difficulties performing task in social or work
, and close friends may take notice
○ Common difficulties include
§ Remembering the right word / name
§ Remembering names when introduced to new people
§ Having difficulties performing task in social or work
settings
§ Forgetting material that was just read
§ Losing or misplacing a valuable object
§ Experiencing increased trouble with planning or
organizing
- Moderate stage
○ Typically the longest stage and can last many years
○ Symptoms more pronounced
○ The person may confuse words, get frustrated or angry, and
act in unexpected ways such as refusing to bathe
○ Symptoms vary from person to person
- Late stage AD
○ Severe learning and memory loss
○ Completely dependent upon caregivers
○ Language impairment
§ Reduced to simple phrases or even single words,
eventually leading to complete loss off speech
○ Although aggressiveness can still be present, extreme apathy
and exhaustion are more common results
○ Muscle mass and mobility deteriorate to point where they are
bed ridden
○ Lose the ability to feed themselves
○ AD is a terminal illness
§ The cause of death typically is an external factor
□ Infection or pressure ulcers or pneumonia
□ Not the disease itself
- Sensile plaques
○ Senile plaques are beta amyloid deposits in the brain found in
alzheimers
§ Hallmark of alzheimers
○ The cause for most alzheimers cases is still unknown
§ Except cases where genetic differences have been
identified
§ Competing hypotheses to explain the causes
□ Amyloid
® APP - amyloid precursor protein
® Enzymes act on it and cut it into fragments
® Beta amyloid fragment is crucial in the
formation of senile plaques in AD
□ Tau
® Changes in tau protein lead to the
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