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Samenvatting Celbiologie 1 -BMLT1 - HoGent

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Samenvatting van 64 pagina's voor het vak Celbiologie 1 aan de HoGent (cursus samengevat)

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  • January 4, 2022
  • 64
  • 2021/2022
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1. CHEMISCHE COMPONENTEN VAN DE CEL .......................................................................................... 3
1.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2. Anorganische moleculen .............................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Organische moleculen .................................................................................................................. 4
2. ARCHITECTUUR VAN DE CEL................................................................................................................ 8
2.1. Celgrootte ..................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Visualiseren van cellen en hun componenten ............................................................................. 8
2.3. Cel types ..................................................................................................................................... 10
2.4. Celstructuur ............................................................................................................................... 13
2.4.1. Cytoplasmamembraan + kern ............................................................................................. 13
2.4.2. Membraan omsloten organellen......................................................................................... 16
2.4.3. Niet-membraan omsloten componenten van de cel .......................................................... 21
2.4.4. Extracellulaire matrix (ECM) bij dierlijke cellen................................................................... 26
2.4.5. Extracellulaire matrix bij plantencellen ............................................................................... 28
3. TRANSPORT (veel tijd aan besteed in lessen) ................................................................................... 29
3.1. Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2. Intracellulair transport ............................................................................................................... 29
3.2.1. Het transport in het cytoplasma ......................................................................................... 29
3.3. Membraantransport van kleine moleculen................................................................................ 32
3.3.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.2. Passief transport.................................................................................................................. 33
3.3.3. Actief transport ................................................................................................................... 35
3.4. Relatie watertransport en cel volume ........................................................................................ 37
3.4.1. Osmose ................................................................................................................................ 37
3.4.2. Belang van de Na+/K+-ionenpomp in de regulatie van het cel volume ............................... 39
....................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.4.3. Membraantransport toepassing ......................................................................................... 39
4. DE CELDELING .................................................................................................................................... 40
4.1. Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 40
4.2. De celcyclus ................................................................................................................................ 40
4.2.1. Bij prokaryoten .................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.2. Bij eukaryoten ..................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.3. Controle celcyclus................................................................................................................ 44
4.3. Meiose ........................................................................................................................................ 46

, 4.3.1. Meiose 1: de eigenlijke reductiedeling ............................................................................... 46
4.3.2. Meiose 2: de reduplicatieve mitose .................................................................................... 46
....................................................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.3. Crossing over en genetische variatie ................................................................................... 48
4.3.4. Random bevruchting ........................................................................................................... 49
4.3.5. Meiose & seksuele cycli ....................................................................................................... 49
4.4. Mitose vs. Meiose ...................................................................................................................... 50
5. GENETICA........................................................................................................................................... 51
5.1. Geschiedenis............................................................................................................................... 51
5.2. Menselijk genoom ...................................................................................................................... 51
5.3. Prenatale (genetische) diagnose ................................................................................................ 51
5.4. Genetisch onderzoek .................................................................................................................. 52
5.4.1. Definities.............................................................................................................................. 52
5.5. Chromosomen ............................................................................................................................ 52
5.5.1. Chromosomenkaart............................................................................................................. 54
5.5.2. Chromosomale afwijkingen ................................................................................................. 54
5.5.3. Voortplantingscellen of gameten = haploid ........................................................................ 57
5.6. Mendeliaanse overerving ........................................................................................................... 58
5.6.1. Wetten van Mendel............................................................................................................. 58
5.6.2. Basistermen monogene overerving .................................................................................... 58
5.7. DNA en mutaties ........................................................................................................................ 60
5.7.1. DNA, m-RNA en translatie ................................................................................................... 60
5.7.2. Mutaties .............................................................................................................................. 62
Oorzaken van mutaties................................................................................................................. 62
5.7.3. Kloneren .............................................................................................................................. 64
5.8. Stamboomonderzoek ................................................................................................................. 64

, Celbiologie 1
1. CHEMISCHE COMPONENTEN VAN DE CEL
1.1. Inleiding
Ieder levend wezen → chemisch systeem
92 natuurlijk voorkomende elementen → organismen kleine selectie

Bio-elementen = spoorelementen + bouwelementen
Bouwelementen (11): O, C, H, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, MG 99,95%
Spoorelementen: 0,05%
- Als noodzakelijk voor organismen = oligo-elementen
o voor menselijk lichaam: I, Fe, F, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se, …
- Andere = toevallige spoorelementen
o voor menselijk lichaam: Br, Si, As, Hg, Ag, Pb, Ti, …


Levende organismen = open systemen → constante uitwisseling energie en materie met omgeving
- Globale winst = winst + verlies
voedsel fecaliën
drank urine
ademhaling ademhaling
energie warmte

- Moet in evenwicht anders ziekten

1.2. Anorganische moleculen
Water (H2O)

- Noodzakelijk voor leven
- Belangrijkste deel van de cel: 70%
- Oplos-, reactie-, transportmiddel
- Warmteregulatie

Koolstofdioxide (CO2)

- Afvalproduct van verbranding organisch materiaal
- Klein gedeelte atmosfeer (0,038%)
- Grondstof van koolstofassimilatie bij planten
- Begin en einde van de koolstofkringloop

Zuurstof (O2)

- Aanwezig in atmosfeer (21%)
- Onmisbaar bestanddeel
- Aerobe afbraak van voedingsstoffen
- Organisch materiaal oxideren

, 1.3. Organische moleculen
Vier belangrijke groepen:
1. Suikers
2. Verzuren
3. Aminozuren
4. Nucleotiden
➔ Veel componenten niet hiertoe: toch samen met macromoleculen groot deel v.d. cel

Suikers als basis voor de polysachariden

1. Monosachariden (CnH2nOn)
o n = 3: triose, n = 5: pentose; n =6: hexose
o bevat altijd ketongroep of aldehydegroep: ketonen en aldosen
o ringvormig en ketenvormig
o glucose
▪ ringvormig
▪ 5C’s en 1O
▪ α- en β-glucose → stereochemische isomeren
▪ levert energie bij afbraak
o belang voor stofwisselingsprocessen
o kunnen voorkomen als onderdeel grotere moleculen
2. Disachariden
o Twee aaneenkoppelde hexose moleculen/monosachariden
o Sacharose, lactose en maltose
3. Polysachariden en oligosachariden
o Veel monosachariden gekoppeld = polymeriseren
o Zetmeel, glycogeen => opslagvormen α-glucose
o Cellulose => opgebouwd uit β-glucose
o Oligosachariden: covalent binden met eiwitten: glycoproteïnen vormen + lipiden =
glycolipiden

Vetzuren als basis voor de lipiden of vetten

Vetzuurmolecule

1. Lange koolwaterstofketen; hydrofoob en weinig reactief → hydrofobe staart
2. Carboxylgroep (-COOH); gedraagt als zuur; ioniseert in waterige oplossing; hydrofiel en
reactief → hydrofiele kop
➔ Verzadigd vetzuur: verzadigd met waterstof en geen dubbele bindingen
➔ Onverzadigd vetzuur: dubbele of meer dubbele bindingen

Lipiden
- Opgebouwd uit: C, H, O, P en N
- Overwegend apolair
- Slecht oplosbaar in water
- Opdelen in drie groepen
o Eenvoudige lipiden
o Samengestelde lipiden
o Afgeleide lipiden

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