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Volledige Samenvatting biodiversiteit en functie PLANT (1004FBDBIC)
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Biodiversiteit en functie: Examen januariInhoud
1. Vorm en functie van planten ..................................................................................... 5
1.1. Plasticiteit ................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Hiërarchie binnen de plant......................................................................................... 5
1.2.1. De wortel ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.2. De stengel ........................................................................................................... 8
1.2.3. Het blad .............................................................................................................. 8
1.2.4. Bouwstenen van weefsel: soorten cellen .......................................................... 9
1.2.5. De plantencel ................................................................................................... 10
a) Tonoplast (vacuolemembraan) ............................................................................ 10
b) Chloroplasten ....................................................................................................... 11
c) Plasmodesmata .................................................................................................... 11
1.2.6. Meristemen ...................................................................................................... 11
1.3. Primaire groei ........................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1. De primaire wortel (apicale meristemen → primaire groei, lengtegroei) ....... 12
1.3.2. De vorming van laterale wortels ...................................................................... 13
1.3.3. Primaire groei van de scheut............................................................................ 13
1.3.4. Organisatie van het primaire weefsel in de stengel ........................................ 14
1.4. Secundaire groei ....................................................................................................... 14
1.5. Groei ......................................................................................................................... 17
1.5.1. Celdeling en celexpansie .................................................................................. 17
1.5.2. Oriëntatie van de celexpansie .......................................................................... 18
1.5.3. Morfogenese en patroonvorming .................................................................... 18
1.5.4. Ontwikkeling tot een plant ............................................................................... 19
1.5.5. Genexpressie en controle op de cellulaire differentiatie ................................ 19
1.6. Fase transitie ............................................................................................................ 19
1.7. Bloeiinductie: genetische controle........................................................................... 20
2. Energie .................................................................................................................... 22
2.1. ATP als energiebron ................................................................................................. 22
2.2. Fotosynthese ............................................................................................................ 22
1
, 2.3. Van lichtenergie naar chemische energie ................................................................ 23
a) Redoxreacties ....................................................................................................... 24
b) Lichtreacties ......................................................................................................... 24
c) Donkerreacties/Calvin cyclus ............................................................................... 24
2.4. Lichtreactie ............................................................................................................... 24
2.4.1. Absorptie en actie spectrum ............................................................................ 25
2.4.2. De lichtreactie .................................................................................................. 26
2.4.3. Niet-cyclische electronenflow .......................................................................... 28
2.4.4. De cyclische electronenflow............................................................................. 30
2.4.5. De lichtreactie in het membraan voorgesteld ................................................. 31
2.5. De Calvin cyclus ........................................................................................................ 32
2.5.1. Fase 1: koolstoffixatie ...................................................................................... 33
2.5.2. Fase 2: Reductie ............................................................................................... 34
2.5.3. Fase 3: Regenartie van de CO2 acceptor (RuBP) .............................................. 34
2.6. Samenvatting fotosynthese ..................................................................................... 36
2.7. Aanpassing bij suboptimale lichtintesiteit ............................................................... 37
3. Transport in vasculaire planten................................................................................ 37
3.1. Fysische wetten voor transport ............................................................................... 38
3.1.1. Selectieve permeabiliteit van membranen PASSIEF ........................................ 38
3.1.2. Via transportproteïnen in membraan PASSIEF/ ACTIEF................................... 41
3.2. Niveaus van transport .............................................................................................. 43
3.3. De rol van de wortel ................................................................................................. 45
3.4. Lange afstand transport van het xyleemsap ............................................................ 47
3.4.1. Stomata ............................................................................................................ 49
3.4.2. Aanpassing xerofyten ....................................................................................... 50
3.5. Samengevat .............................................................................................................. 50
3.6. Floëemtransport....................................................................................................... 51
3.6.1. Pressure-flow theorie ....................................................................................... 52
4. Voeding................................................................................................................... 54
4.1. Noodzakelijke chemische elementen voor de groei ................................................ 54
4.2. Macronutriënten en micronutriënten ..................................................................... 55
4.3. Deficiëntieverschijnselen ......................................................................................... 55
2
, 4.4. De bodem ................................................................................................................. 55
4.5. Planten en stikstof .................................................................................................... 56
4.5.1. De stikstofcyclus ............................................................................................... 57
a) Ammonificatie ...................................................................................................... 58
b) Nitrificatie ............................................................................................................. 58
c) Denitrificatie ......................................................................................................... 58
d) Stikstoffixatie ........................................................................................................ 58
4.5.2. Biologische stikstoffixatie ................................................................................. 59
4.5.3. Symbiotische stikstoffixatie.............................................................................. 60
4.5.4. Stikstoffixatie: biochemisch bekeken ............................................................... 61
a) Export van gefixeerde stikstof uit nodule ............................................................ 64
4.5.5. Assimilatie van nitraat ...................................................................................... 64
4.5.6. N-assimilatie: waar en wanneer ....................................................................... 65
4.5.7. Mutualistische en parasitaire relaties .............................................................. 66
5. Vorm en functie planten: respons op interne en externe signalen ............................ 66
5.1. Respons op licht ....................................................................................................... 66
5.1.1. Respons op signalen: Fytochroom als fotoreceptor ........................................ 67
5.1.2. Respons op signalen: gravitropie ..................................................................... 69
5.1.3. Respons op signalen: mechanische stimuli ...................................................... 69
5.1.4. Respons op signalen: signaaltransductie ......................................................... 70
5.1.5. Signaaltransductie de-etiolatie ........................................................................ 74
6. Rol van fytochromen in de ontwikkeling van planten ............................................... 75
6.1. Rol van fytochromen in de plantenontwikkeling ..................................................... 75
6.1.1. Hormoonconcept in planten: een bron van discussie ..................................... 75
6.1.2. 5 hoofdgroepen: fytochromen + fysiologische rol ........................................... 75
Auxines ......................................................................................................................... 76
Auxine transport........................................................................................................... 78
Cytokinines ................................................................................................................... 82
Abscisinezuur................................................................................................................ 85
Gibberellinen ................................................................................................................ 86
Ethyleen ........................................................................................................................ 88
Commerciële toepassingen van Fytohormonen .......................................................... 88
3
, 7. Respons op signalen: stressrespons ......................................................................... 89
Abiotische stress................................................................................................................... 90
Droogtestress ................................................................................................................... 90
Stress bij suboptimale temperaturen .............................................................................. 92
Oxidatieve stress .............................................................................................................. 94
Biotische stress ..................................................................................................................... 95
Pathogenese ..................................................................................................................... 95
Secundaire metabolieten ............................................................................................. 95
Stressrespons ....................................................................................................................... 96
Terpenoiden ..................................................................................................................... 97
Saponinen ......................................................................................................................... 97
Cardiacale glycosiden ....................................................................................................... 97
Cyanogene glycosiden ...................................................................................................... 98
Glucosinolaten.................................................................................................................. 98
Fenolische componenten ................................................................................................. 98
Alkaloiden ....................................................................................................................... 100
Andere voorbeelden....................................................................................................... 100
Entobotanie ........................................................................................................................ 101
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