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SECOND year English degree HISTORY ENGLAND
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Notes from HISTORY LECTURES of 1 semester history of England 19th Century
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CM CIVILISATION XIXth c.The Earl of Durham
The Marquess of Londondery
The Marquess of Bute
>> support and invest their money in the industry = for instance Coal mines* +
potteries (plates, dishes...) + rich farmers whose incomes were increasing, getting
wealthier and wealthier > farming machinery > they bought new land as soons as
they could + enclosured their land > XVIIIth c. It became possible thanks to the law
to enclosure land for farmer >> reap* the benefits of their land (before it was for
everyone around).
In some regions like Norfolk > constantly marshy = marécajeux. >> imported
technics from holland to improve their land > carrying earth close to the sea and
chemicals.
>> Beginning of the process DEMAND AND OFFER.
>>lot of variety of inventors from simple things to complicated bussinesses.
Traiding merchants > companies travelling al over the world > spices, tea, coffee,
chocolate ...
(recherche sur comment le thé est arrivé en Inde*)
Religion > protestantism was extremly influencial factor > if you are successfull =
God's blessing according to that religion. (Different from the idea of wealth in
catholics)
Industrial revolution in the 19th century
A NEW MATERIALISTIC SOCIETY
The making of the consumer society
1) Quality and quantity, mass production
New interest in a new science > statistic > invented in Germany in the 18th century
Adopted in Britain in the 19th > to prove that their society was increasing > craving
for facts and results => mass production, new center of interest.
1850 => Britain produced more than 2 millions tons of iron + cast iron (=fonte) > cast
iron kitchen range* = mélange entre une gazinière, un chauffe-eau, le chauffage...
très volmineux.
=> great improvement
+ table made of zinc + bathtop
> use of glass for windows > for the richer category + production increased => glass
of the same measure.
Matches = alumettes = Lucifer matches
Opening of large department stores => first 1863 in London (The universal provider)
=> creation of chains of shops
Ex : Thomas Lipton => owned 60 shops in London
, => new needs of the middle-class + upper-class => new opportunity for those people
and feeling of empowerement and new way of optimism.
Everybody believed that the industrial revolution had bring the improvement of the
species.
=> The betterment of the human species
+ the conquest of nature = raw material everywhere (gold, zinc, iron, spices, sugar...)
GB was at the center of everything.
Mahogany = l'acajou
1) Two symbols of the new society
The Crystal Palace – Samuel Smiles
The Crystal Palace => built on purpose in High Park, London in 1851 in 6 mon
th > started in France > 1844 The industrail "exposition" – Great Exhibition => lots of
people attended to, like english people.
=> wanted to do the same in their country – but the government didn't want to be
involve, and didn't want to spent any money.
=> The Prince Consort (Albert, queen's husband) decided to take up the idea and
organized and exhibition by enlargering it to other domains > celebrate progress,
science, the mother of all Parliament.
He had to find private investors + the right place to be attractive + lots of space.
They were once invited by the Duke of Davenshire and he was amazed by the
structure of iron and glass of his home > he wanted something similar, and he
thought that High Park could be okay. But the building that he was thinking about
had to taller than the tree because he didn't want to cut them.
=> For six month it was a Hive (ruche) of Industry => the gardener of the Duke of
Davenshire, Joseph Paxton, helped him to design the Crystal Palace.
=> Opened in May and Closed in November => 6 millions of visitors !
1 pound per person > only the arstocracy could enter = maximal price
Guinea / Shilling
=> opened for everyone but at different moments of the week and days.
When you entered in The Palce there was a Block of Cole (charbon) of 24 tons.
=> So much money !!! He gave the money back to the investors and created
museums.
SAMUEL SMILES born in 1812 in the 23rd of december in Haddigton and died in
1904 in London, he taught in the university in Edinburgh
He was educated in Scotland => very good education !
Wrote books which were typical of the 19th century => Self-help 1859 => 20 000
copies !!! SUCCESS
And in the next 30 years he solded 130 000 books
1857 => The life of George Stevenson => inventor of steam locomotive
1876 => Thrift
1863 => Industrial biography
1871 => Character
1887 => Duty
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