Summary
Summary All the APA texts in one file.
- Course
- Institution
All the APA texts per test in one file.
[Show more]
Seller
Followmyrtheschaepkens
Content preview
APA STATISTICS ...................................................................................................................................... 2Independent samples t-test ......................................................................................................................... 3
Cronbachs alpha - optional ................................................................................................................................ 3
Dependent samples t-test ........................................................................................................................... 5
Cronbachs alpha - optional ................................................................................................................................ 5
One sample t-test ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Cronbachs alpha - optional ................................................................................................................................ 6
One way ANOVA ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Cronbachs alpha - optional ................................................................................................................................ 7
Mean of groups.................................................................................................................................................... 7
Normality violated .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Homogeneity violated ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Overall ANOVA.................................................................................................................................................. 8
Planned contrast - optional ................................................................................................................................ 8
Post hoc – optional ............................................................................................................................................. 9
End note .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Factorial (two-way) ANOVA.................................................................................................................... 10
Cronbachs alpha - optional .............................................................................................................................. 10
Mean of groups.................................................................................................................................................. 10
If assumptions are violated ............................................................................................................................... 10
Main effects ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Interaction effect .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Simple effects .................................................................................................................................................... 11
End note ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Bivariate correlation................................................................................................................................. 12
Cronbachs alpha - optional .............................................................................................................................. 12
Partial correlation .................................................................................................................................... 14
Regression (Linear) .................................................................................................................................. 15
Cronbachs alpha - optional .............................................................................................................................. 15
Chi-square ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Odds ratio .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
,APA STATISTICS
Writing
Do NOT put your answers fully in italic or bold.
Pay attention to italics: p =, r =, M =, SD =, F, etc.
Do not use variable names in the text, use normal language:
• NOT: emoji_happy
• BUT: a review with a happy emoji
Be parsimoniously (spaarzaam) in your answers, only answer what is asked. The
teachers/readers want to look at your answers as fast as possible.
Decimals
Always report everything with TWO decimals Except:
p = 3 decimals (.05) npartical = 3 decimals (.24)
0.01 vs. .01
• If a value can be more than 1 à x.xx (SD length, F, etc.)
• If a value cannot be more than 1à.xx (p, r, α, etc.)
• Thus: if a value can be greater than one, report the zero (0.78)
Mean and Standard deviation
The mean score of the variable was 4.27 (SD = 0.68).
Also reported as (M = 4.27, SD = 0.68) depending on context.
Confidence intervals ALWAYS REPORT IF THEY ARE GIVEN (not always
mentioned in this file)
Report confidence intervals as follows: 95% CI [3.90, 4.25]
Plural: 95% CIs [3.90, 4.25], [-2.43, -4.31], and [3.11, 4.29]
Assumption of Normality – if you do it always report also if not violated
The scores were not normally distributed (z-scoreskewness = 8.61, z-scorekurtosis = -0.71). It would
be
better to bootstrap and base the conclusion about significance on the bootstrapped confidence
interval instead of the p-value, but this is not included in the exam. Therefore, I know that I
have to interpret the p-value with caution.
Assumption of homogeneity – if you do it always report also if not violated
The assumption of homogeneity was met/not met (VR = xx.xx). and hat we look at the ‘equal
variances not assumed’ data in de table if not met (except for the Welch in Anova)
,Independent samples t-test
Cronbachs alpha - optional
xx VAR xx was measured with xx items (‘example question’) on a x-point scale (1 = xxx, 7 =
xxx). The mean of the scale was x.xx (SD = x.xx). and the reliability of the scale was
good/excellent, α = .xx.
a) Data are normally distributed:
To test xxhypothesisxx, an independent-samples t-test is performed. The assumption of
normality was met and the XX was normally distributed (z-score skewness/kurtosis = xx.xx
and xx.xx). *Homogeneity here if needed and that we look at the ‘equal variances not
assumed’ data in de table if not met* (VR = xx.xx). On average, xxvariablexx (M = x.xx, SD
= x.xx) was lower/higher than xxvariablexx (M = x.xx, SD = x.xx). This difference was/was
not significant (Mdif = xx.xx, t(xx) = xx.xx, p = .xxx, 95% CI [x.xx, x.xx]). The difference
represents a small/medium/large-sized effect d = x.xx.
b) Data are not normally distributed:
To test xxhypothesisxx, an independent-samples t-test is performed. The XX score was not
normally distributed (z-score skewness/kurtosis = xx.xx and xx.xx). It would be better to
bootstrap and base the conclusion about significance on the bootstrapped confidence
interval instead of the p-value, but this is not included in the exam. Therefore, I know
that I have to interpret the p-value with caution. *Homogeneity here if needed and that we
look at the ‘equal variances not assumed’ data in de table if not met* (VR = xx.xx). On
average, xxvariablexx (M = xx.xx, SD = xx.xx) was lower/higher than xxvariablesxx (M =
xx.xx, SD = xx.xx,. This difference was/was not significant (Mdif = xx.xx, t(xx) = xx.xx, p =
.xxx, 95% CI [x.xx, x.xx]). The difference represents a small/medium/large-sized effect d =
x.xx.
, Always end with relating your finding to the tested hypothesis:
In general, the data supports/this study supports the hypothesis that there is…
How →
Mdif = xx.xx, t(xx) = xx.xx, p = xxx
Mdif = mean difference, t(df) = t-value, p = Sig. 2-tailed
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller myrtheschaepkens. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $4.81. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
50064 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now