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Keyterms Psychology in the workplace (PSBE2-03)
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Keyterms/concepts in English from the glossary of the AOP book: Work in the 21st century. Sixth edition.
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Summary Work and organizational psychology / Samenvatting Arbeids-, organisatie- en personeelspsychologie RUG
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Samenvatting Work in the 21st Century - Work & Organizational Psychology (1JV00)
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Work in the 21st Century An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology 6th Edition Landy TEST BANK.
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KEY TERMS ARBEIDS- ORGANISATIE EN PERSONEELS PSYCHOLOGIEChapter 1 – What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology?
industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology The application of psychological principles, theory, and
research to the work setting.
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) An association to which many I-O
psychologists, both practitioners and researchers, belong. Designated as Division 14 of the American
Psychological Association (APA).
personnel psychology Field of psychology that addresses issues such as recruitment, selection,
training, performance appraisal, promotion, transfer, and termination.
human resources management (HRM) Practices such as recruitment, selection, retention, training,
and development of people (human resources) in order to achieve individual and organizational
goals.
organizational psychology Field of psychology that combines research from social psychology and
organizational behavior and addresses the emotional and motivational side of work.
human engineering or human factors psychology The study of the capacities and limitations of
humans with respect to a particular environment.
scientist–practitioner model A model that uses scientific tools and research in the practice of I-O
psychology.
TIP (The Industrial Organizational Psychologist) Quarterly newsletter published by the Society for
Industrial and Organizational Psychology; provides I-O psychologists and those interested in I-O
psychology with the latest relevant information about the field.
welfare-to-work program Program that requires individuals to work in return for government
subsidies.
telecommuting Accomplishing work tasks from a distant location using electronic communication
media.
virtual team Team that has widely dispersed members working together toward a common goal and
linked through computers and other technology.
Stanford–Binet test A well-known intelligence test designed for testing one individual at a time.
Originally developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in 1905, the Binet–Simon test was updated
starting in 1916 by Lewis Terman and colleagues at Stanford University, which led to the test’s
current name.
scientific Management A movement based on principles developed by Frederick W. Taylor, who
suggested that there was one best and most efficient way to perform various jobs.
time and motion studies Studies that broke every action down into its constituent parts, timed those
movements with a stopwatch, and developed new and more efficient movements that would reduce
fatigue and increase productivity.
revery obsession Australian psychologist Elton Mayo proposed that this mental state resulted from
the mind-numbing, repetitive, and difficult work that characterized U.S. factories in the early 20th
,century, causing factory workers to be unhappy, prone to resist management attempts to increase
productivity, and sympathetic to labor unions.
Hawthorne studies Research done at the Hawthorne, Illinois, plant of the Western Electric Company
that began as attempts to increase productivity by manipulating lighting, rest breaks, and work
hours. This research showed the important role that workers’ attitudes played in productivity.
Human Relations Movement The results of the Hawthorne studies ushered in this movement, which
focused on work attitudes and the newly discovered emotional world of the worker.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Federal legislation that prohibits employment discrimination
on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, which define what are known as protected
groups. Prohibits not only intentional discrimination but also practices that have the unintentional
effect of discriminating against individuals because of their race, color, national origin, religion, or
sex.
American Psychological Association (APA) The major professional organization for psychologists of
all kinds in the United States.
culture A system in which individuals share meanings and common ways of viewing events and
objects.
expatriate Manager or professional assigned to work in a location outside of his or her home
country.
collectivist culture A culture that values the group more than the individual.
individualist culture A culture that values the individual more than the group.
horizontal culture A culture that minimizes distances between individuals.
vertical culture A culture that accepts and depends upon distances between individuals.
Chapter 2 – Research Methods and Statistics in I-O Psychology
science Approach that involves the understanding, prediction, and control of some phenomenon of
interest.
hypothesis Prediction about relationship(s) among variables of interest.
disinterestedness Characteristic of scientists, who should be objective and uninfluenced by biases or
prejudices when conducting research.
expert witness Witness in a lawsuit who is permitted to voice opinions about organizational
practices.
research design Provides the overall structure or architecture for the research study; allows
investigators to conduct scientific research on a phenomenon of interest.
experimental design Participants are randomly assigned to different conditions.
quasi-experimental design Participants are assigned to different conditions, but random assignment
to conditions is not possible.
nonexperimental design Does not include any “treatment” or assignment to different conditions.
,observational design The researcher observes employee behavior and systematically records what is
observed.
survey design Research strategy in which participants are asked to complete a questionnaire or
survey.
quantitative methods Rely on tests, rating scales, questionnaires, and physiological measures and
yield numerical results.
qualitative methods Rely on observations, interviews, case studies, and analysis of diaries or written
documents and produce flow diagrams and narrative descriptions of events or processes.
introspection Early scientific method in which the participant was also the experimenter, recording
his or her experiences in completing an experimental task; considered very subjective by modern
standards.
triangulation Approach in which researchers seek converging information from different sources.
generalize To apply the results from one study or sample to other participants or situations.
experimental control Characteristic of research in which possible confounding influences that might
make results less reliable or harder to interpret are eliminated; often easier to establish in laboratory
studies than in field studies.
statistical control Using statistical techniques to control for the influence of certain variables. Such
control allows researchers to concentrate exclusively on the primary relationships of interest.
descriptive statistics Statistics that summarize, organize, and describe a sample of data.
measure of central tendency Statistic that indicates where the center of a distribution is located.
Mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency.
variability The extent to which scores in a distribution vary.
skew The extent to which scores in a distribution are lopsided or tend to fall on the left or right side
of the distribution.
mean The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution; obtained by summing all of the scores in
a distribution and dividing by the sample size.
mode The most common or frequently occurring score in a distribution.
median The middle score in a distribution.
inferential statistics Statistics used to aid the researcher in testing hypotheses and making inferences
from sample data to a larger sample or population.
statistical significance Indicates that the probability of the observed statistic is less than the stated
significance level adopted by the researcher (commonly p < .05). A statistically significant finding
indicates that the results found are unlikely to have occurred by chance, and thus the null hypothesis
(i.e., hypothesis of no effect) is rejected.
statistical power The likelihood of finding a statistically significant difference when a true difference
exists.
measurement Assigning numbers to characteristics of individuals or objects according to rules.
, correlation coefficient Statistic assessing the bivariate, linear association between two variables.
Provides information about both the magnitude (numerical value) and the direction (1 or 2) of the
relationship between two variables.
scatterplot Graph used to plot the scatter of scores on two variables; used to display the
correlational relationship between two variables.
regression line Straight line that best “fits” the scatterplot and describes the relationship between
the variables in the graph; can also be presented as an equation that specifies where the line
intersects the vertical axis and what the angle or slope of the line is.
linear Relationship between two variables that can be depicted by a straight line.
nonlinear Relationship between two variables that cannot be depicted by a straight line; sometimes
called “curvilinear” and most easily identified by examining a scatterplot.
multiple correlation coefficient Statistic that represents the overall linear association between
several variables (e.g., cognitive ability, personality, experience) on the one hand and a single
variable (e.g., job performance) on the other hand.
meta-analysis Statistical method for combining and analyzing the results from many studies to draw
a general conclusion about relationships among variables.
statistical artifacts Characteristics (e.g., small sample size, unreliable measures) of a particular study
that distort the observed results. Researchers can correct for artifacts to arrive at a statistic that
represents the “true” relationship between the variables of interest.
micro-research The study of individual behavior.
macro-research The study of collective behavior.
meso-research The study of the interaction of individual and collective behavior.
reliability Consistency or stability of a measure.
validity The accuracy of inferences made based on test or performance data; also addresses whether
a measure accurately and completely represents what was intended to be measured.
test–retest reliability A type of reliability calculated by correlating measurements taken at time 1
with measurements taken at time 2.
equivalent forms reliability A type of reliability calculated by correlating measurements from a
sample of individuals who complete two different forms of the same test.
internal consistency Form of reliability that assesses how consistently the items of a test measure a
single construct; affected by the number of items in the test and the correlations among the test
items.
generalizability theory A sophisticated approach to the question of reliability that simultaneously
considers all types of error in reliability estimates (e.g., test–retest, equivalent forms, and internal
consistency).
predictor The test chosen or developed to assess attributes (e.g., abilities) identified as important for
successful job performance.
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