Summary Independent Africa topic 2 - IEB Matric History Notes
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Course
History
Institution
12
This summary is a in-depth and complete analysis and summary of the Independent Africa topic (Congo/Zaire, Tanzania and Angola case studies) as prescribed in the 2021 History SAGS. Part of the grade 12 IEB History syllabus - Topic 2.
CHAPTER 1 – THE ORIGINS OF THE IDEPENDACE MOVMENT.
The scramble of Africa (1870-1900) 1) Colonial expansion into Africa resulted
DEFINITIONS in almost total colonial control and
occupation of Africa by the colonial
The Berlin Conference – regulated European powers.
colonization and trade in Africa during the New 2) many of the world powers where trying
Imperialism period and coincided with
Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial
to expand their influence into Africa,
power. both as a strategic vantage point and a
show of power and influence on their
Economic Motivation - an economic depression rival states.
was occurring in Europe, and powerful 3) The Berlin Conference established the
countries such as Germany, France, and Great
Britain, were losing money. abundance of raw
principle that European occupation of
materials from which Europe could make African territory (based on effective
money from to recover from the costs of WW1. occupation of the country) – no single
These products became of greater significance European country would be able to
due to the emergence of the Industrial claim the entirety of Africa
Revolution
4) By 1878 and 1914, European powers
Military motivation – These countries became
divided up the entire African continent
involved in a race to acquire more territory on except for Ethiopia and Liberia.
the African continent, but this race was open to 5) The European expansion into Africa was
all European countries. motivated by economic, political,
humanitarian, religious and military
Political motivation – To establish pollical
power overseas and widen their sphere of
reasons.
influence, spread their ideology and show their 6) As the industrial. Revolution started to
power. takeoff in the western countries there
was a great demand for raw materials.
Religious motivations – Missionaries began to That Africa could provide cheaply
focus on the large working class with the goal
of bringing spiritual salvation to the workers
7) Europeans imperialists took this
and their families opportunity to gain control of African
regions and extract wealth from these
Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest”—the countries, to fuel their economies
idea that certain people become powerful in 8) The imperialism resulted in African
society because they are innately better. Social
Darwinism has been used to justify imperialism,
resistance to colonial rule but
racism, eugenics and social inequality at various unfortunately this was largely
times over the past century and a half. unsuccessful do the lack of resources
available to the African resistance.
European imperialist - a policy of extending a Europeans were able to dominate
country's power and influence through
African peoples. However, this did not
colonization, use of military force, or other
means. end African aspirations of freedom
,Pan-Africanism 1) This became the ideological propellant
of the African independence
DEFINITIONS movement
2) This ideology and movement
Pan Africanism – Pan-Africanism, the idea that encourage solidarity and unity for the
peoples of African descent have common global African community. This core
interests and should be unified.
Historically, Pan-Africanism has often taken the
belief was in the unity of Africans for
shape of a political or cultural movement. Pan- economic political and social
Africanism is the sentiment that people of progression (unify and uplift)
African descent have a great deal in common, a 3) The ideology also states that the
fact that deserves notice and even celebration. fate/destiny of all African people were
Initially it was mainly African Americans that
intertwined, (global links)
were involved in the Pan-Africanist Movement, common history = common density
but after 1945 the movement became more 4) The origins of Pan-Africanism can be
and more influential on the African continent.” traced to the West Indies and the ideas
of Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois
African solidarity – In practice, promoting
of the USA.
social solidarity means confronting corruption 5) Du Bois - highlighted the shared
and promoting power sharing, inclusive suffering of black people as a result of
governance and the equitable distribution of colonial rule but believed that African
resources among all members of society Americans should play the leading role
Ideology – a system of ideas and ideals,
in promoting Pan-Africanism, as some
especially one which forms the basis of of them had the advantage of a good
economic or political theory and policy. education.
6) Garvey - focused on the shared
Nationalist – a person who strongly identifies common heritage of all black people,
with their own nation and vigorously supports
its interests, especially to the exclusion or
regardless of where they lived. He
detriment of the interests of other nations. spoke of “black pride” “Africa for the
Africans” and encouraged all black
Black pride – Black pride is a movement in people to return to Africa
response to dominant cultures and ideologies 7) Pan-Africanism had 3 main aims:
that encourages black people to celebrate black
culture and embrace their African heritage
a) To counter the idea that black
people were inferior to whites
Self-determination – the process by which a b) To encourage black unity and self-
country determines its own statehood and determination
forms its own government. the process by c) To demand that black people are
which a person controls their own life.
treated with dignity.
8) The Pan African movement’s main aim
was to escape racism and rebuild a
unified Africa
, African Nationalism and WW2 1) World war 2 proved to be a major
turning point for African history as the
DEFINITIONS colonial powers used their influence
and occupation of African countries to
Pan Africanism – Pan-Africanism, the idea that
peoples of African descent have common source soldiers and supplies
interests and should be unified. 2) Men of different races nationalities and
ethnicity’s fought side by side and as a
Occupation – the action, state, or period of result many people and soldiers began
occupying or being occupied by military force.
to question the values of the European
Colonial powers – a country which possesses, colonial powers
or formerly possessed, colonies in different 3) Many African had been drafted and
parts of the world. It occurs when one nation fought overseas, this allowed them to
subjugates another, conquering its population develop a greater political awareness as
and exploiting it, often while forcing its own
language and cultural values upon its people.
they witnessed the quality of life in
Europe and the rights that the people
Inequity – lack of fairness or justice. unfair, enjoyed.
avoidable differences arising from poor 4) They African soldiers were fighting for
governance, corruption or cultural exclusion. the freedom of the people of Europe,
Inequality - the uneven distribution of health or
this was a great juxtaposition as they
health resources as a result of genetic or other themselves were oppressed by the
factors or the lack of resources. same countries they were fighting for.
5) This moral inequality displayed the
Independence movements - An independence inequity that the citizens of the colonies
movement is a movement that is trying to gain
political independence for some area that it
had been given. This led to
thinks should be its own independence movements in the
country. Independence movements can be colonies
conducted by colonized people against their 6) educated African, South American and
colonizers. Asian people began to question the
right of the Colonial powers to control
Nationalism - Nationalism is an ideology that
emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a their futures.
nation or nation-state and holds that such 7) The idea of Pan Africanism became
obligations outweigh other individual or group increasingly popular as more vocal
interests. nationalist movements grew in the
colonies = African resistance
The great depression –
worst economic downturn in the history of the 8) The War had weakened the colonial
industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. powers both militarily and financially as
It began after the stock market crash of the cost of the war began to take grip
October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a over Europe, this also coincided with
panic and wiped out millions of investors.
the great depression
Cold war tensions – two nations at the end of 9) The colonial powers began to struggle
World War II, the ideological conflict between to support their overseas territory’s and
both the United States and the Soviet Union, colonies and began to start to grant
the emergence of nuclear weapons, and the independence to offset the cost of
fear of communism in the United States.
operation of the colonies
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