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Neurowetenschappen: neurofysiologie
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Neurofysiologie2de bachelor revaki UGent
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Deel 1: Basis van de neurofysiologie .......................................................................... 6
1 Membraanpotentiaal ............................................................................................. 6
1.1 Rustmembraanpotentiaal............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 De actiepotentiaal ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Drempelwaarde................................................................................................................................................ 8
2 Neuronale impulsoverdracht ................................................................................ 9
2.1 Functionele anatomie van de synaps ...................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Synaptische transmissie ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.2.1 Neurotransmitters ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Receptoren ....................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Inactivatie van een neurotransmitter ..................................................................................... 11
2.3 Exciterende synaps ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Temporele summatie (summatie in tijd) ............................................................................... 12
2.3.2 Spatiele summatie (summatie in ruimte).............................................................................. 12
2.4 Inhiberende synaps: .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Modulatie van synapsen............................................................................................................................ 13
2.5.1 Modulatie van synaps: (functionele veranderingen) ........................................................ 13
2.5.2 Sprouting: (anatomische veranderingen) ............................................................................. 14
2.6 Neuromusculaire transmissie .................................................................................................................. 14
3 Reflexen ................................................................................................................15
3.1 Receptorpotentiaal ...................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Adaptatie ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Mono- en polysynaptische reflexen ...................................................................................................... 17
3.4 Adequate stimulus voor de receptoren ............................................................................................... 17
3.5 Geconditioneerde reflexen ....................................................................................................................... 17
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,Deel 2: Sensoriek.........................................................................................................18
1 Visuele systeem ....................................................................................................18
1.1 Anatomie van het oog................................................................................................................................ 18
1.1.1 Achter de lens: ................................................................................................................................ 19
1.1.2 Lens ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.1.3 Voor de lens: ................................................................................................................................... 19
1.2 Optica ............................................................................................................................................................... 20
1.2.1 Myopie (bijziend) ........................................................................................................................... 21
1.2.2 Hypermetropie (verziend) .......................................................................................................... 21
1.3 Receptie op de retina ................................................................................................................................. 22
1.3.1 Laag 1: pigmentcellen en fotoreceptoren ............................................................................ 22
1.3.2 Laag 2: bipolaire cellen ................................................................................................................ 23
1.3.3 Laag 3: ganglioncellen. ................................................................................................................ 23
1.3.4 Cellen tussen de verschillende lagen ..................................................................................... 23
1.3.5 Adaptatie .......................................................................................................................................... 23
1.3.6 Contrastboorden ........................................................................................................................... 24
1.3.7 Het receptormechanisme ........................................................................................................... 25
1.4 Perceptie .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
1.4.1 Projecties .......................................................................................................................................... 27
1.4.2 Het gezichtsveld............................................................................................................................. 28
1.4.3 Visuele cortex .................................................................................................................................. 29
1.4.4 Magnocellulaire/parvocellulaire lagen .................................................................................. 30
1.5 Reflexen ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
1.6 Oogbolbewegingen .................................................................................................................................... 31
1.7 ERG .................................................................................................................................................................... 31
2 Het auditieve systeem ......................................................................................... 33
2.1 De anatomie van het oor .......................................................................................................................... 33
2.1.1 Buitenoor .......................................................................................................................................... 33
2.1.2 Middenoor ....................................................................................................................................... 33
2.1.3 Binnenoor/cochlea ........................................................................................................................ 34
2.2 Receptie ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.3 Perceptie .......................................................................................................................................................... 37
2.4 Lokalisatie van de geluidsbron................................................................................................................ 38
3 Het olflactoire systeem ....................................................................................... 39
3.1 Anatomie van de neus................................................................................................................................ 39
3.2 Projecties ......................................................................................................................................................... 39
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, 3.3 Geuren .............................................................................................................................................................. 40
4 Het gustatieve systeem ....................................................................................... 41
4.1 Smaken............................................................................................................................................................. 41
4.2 Projecties ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.3 De smaakzin ................................................................................................................................................... 42
5 Het sensibiliteitsysteem ...................................................................................... 43
5.1 Somatische sensibiliteit.............................................................................................................................. 43
5.1.1 Oppervlakkige sensibiliteit ......................................................................................................... 43
5.1.2 Diepe sensibiliteit .......................................................................................................................... 46
5.1.3 Vrije zenuwuiteinden.................................................................................................................... 46
5.2 Viscerale sensibiliteit ................................................................................................................................... 47
5.3 Gerefereerde pijn ......................................................................................................................................... 47
5.4 Somatosensorische cortex ........................................................................................................................ 48
5.5 Pijnmanagement .......................................................................................................................................... 48
6 RAS- systeem ........................................................................................................50
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