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Examenvragen introduction to common law and legal english
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EXAMENVRAGEN COMMON LAWDoes the judicare act tell you something? .................................................................................... 4
Tommy Robinson..................................................................................................................................... 4
→ Background information ................................................................................................................ 4
→ Context ........................................................................................................................................... 4
→ first trial: Canterbury 2017............................................................................................................. 5
→ Second trial – Leeds 2018 .............................................................................................................. 5
→ appeals ........................................................................................................................................... 6
→ Importance of the Tommy Robinson case .................................................................................... 6
Young V Bristol airplane: explain............................................................................................................. 7
Trust (parties, concept, example) ................................................................................................... 8
Offer and invitation to treat (difference) (Fisher V Bell) ......................................................................... 9
Facts in Fisher v Bell ............................................................................................................................ 9
Issue in Fisher v Bell ............................................................................................................................ 9
Decision / Outcome of Fisher v Bell .................................................................................................... 9
Donoghue V Stevenson (principle of negligence, extra-contractual liability) ...................................... 10
Facts .................................................................................................................................................. 10
The Claim .......................................................................................................................................... 11
The Judgement .................................................................................................................................. 11
Practice statement ................................................................................................................................ 11
Forfeiture rule ....................................................................................................................................... 12
What do you think of the word ‘prostitute’ .......................................................................................... 12
Offences against person act .................................................................................................................. 13
Privity of Contract.................................................................................................................................. 13
What is the concept privity of contract (+ exceptions) + What about third parties + welke act daarop
gebaseerd is (exceptions en voorwaarden exceptions) .................................................................... 13
Indictable offence.................................................................................................................................. 14
Precedent in practice ............................................................................................................................ 14
The 4 rules van statutory interpretation ..................................................................................... 17
the literal rule .................................................................................................................................... 17
The golden rule ................................................................................................................................ 19
The mischief rule ............................................................................................................................... 20
The purposive approach .................................................................................................................... 21
Parliamentary sovereignty / Parliament as a rule maker ...................................................................... 22
Difference between inquisitorial and adversarial system ..................................................................... 22
,Two elements of Criminal Law / Elements of crime / elements of an offence / Aspects of a criminal
offence................................................................................................................................................... 23
Precedent and exceptions / exceptions doctrine of precedent ............................................................ 24
Examples of offences and the people act ............................................................................................. 25
Norman courts / courts under Norman law .......................................................................................... 28
S47 and S20 (difference degree of injury) ............................................................................................. 28
Sections in offences against person act talking about assault .............................................................. 28
Section 39 (s39) Common assault and battery to be summary offences ...................................... 28
Section 47 (s47) Assault occasioning bodily harm – common assault............................................ 29
Section 20 (s20) Inflicting bodily injury, with or without weapon ................................................. 30
Section 18 (s18) Shooting or attempting to shoot, or wounding with intent to dogrievous bodily
harm .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Bigamy ................................................................................................................................................... 32
Examination and cross-examination ..................................................................................................... 32
Standard of proof / evidence ................................................................................................................ 33
Stephen Lawrence case (welke hervormingen → double jeopardy, macpherson report
and police inquiry into undercover policing) .............................................................................. 34
First past the post system ..................................................................................................................... 38
Who are the finders of fact and law in criminal cases + which courts? ................................................ 39
Types of offences .................................................................................................................................. 39
What was the biggest result of the Norman Conquest? ....................................................................... 41
Eiusdem Generis Regel / Three Language rules .................................................................................... 42
Woolf reforms / Woolf report........................................................................................................ 43
1) Judicial law making —-> civil law .................................................................................................. 45
2) Woolf reform : importance out of court ....................................................................................... 46
3) Influence Roman law still remaining now ..................................................................................... 46
4) Studying law and the legal profession........................................................................................... 46
5) Influence EU membership on sovereignty of government + devolution ...................................... 47
6) Impact of EU legislation on the doctrine of precedent ................................................................. 48
7) Main criticism appointing judges .................................................................................................. 48
8) Binding precedent ......................................................................................................................... 49
9) Writ ................................................................................................................................................ 49
10) Doctrine of precedents.............................................................................................................. 49
11) Donoghue case —> importance now ........................................................................................ 50
12) Hierarchy of precedents ............................................................................................................ 50
13) elements adversarial system in criminal cases ......................................................................... 51
14) Norman conquest ...................................................................................................................... 51
15 ) Interpretation of law and problems interpreters face .............................................................. 52
,16) Constitutional reform 2005 ....................................................................................................... 53
17) Explain track system .................................................................................................................. 53
18) appointment judges supreme court.......................................................................................... 54
19) per incuriam .............................................................................................................................. 54
20) Findings Hazel Genn’s research ................................................................................................. 55
21) Obiter dicta ................................................................................................................................ 55
22) role of church ............................................................................................................................ 56
23 ) Stare decisis : advantage and disadvantage.............................................................................. 56
24) Atkins statement of law : neighbor ........................................................................................... 57
25) Precedent : practice statement (1966) ..................................................................................... 57
26) Acces to justice promoted by woolf reforms ............................................................................ 58
27) Out of court : conciliation and arbitration ................................................................................ 59
28) unfavorable precedent .............................................................................................................. 60
29) Mens rea.................................................................................................................................... 61
30) Defamation ................................................................................................................................ 61
,Does the judicare act tell you something?
Judicature Acts 1873-75 (High Court, etc.) , judges could apply both common law and
equity. In the 1850-1860, the procedures were further simplified and efforts were made
to end duplication of claims in Common Law and equity courts.
1873: Judicature Act brought together the old common law courts and the Court of Chancery
and the Court of Appeal into the Supreme Court of Judicature
• The Judicature Act created a fairly uniform writ to access the court for all actions.
Thedecisions include both common law and equity considerations as relevant.
Tommy Robinson
→ Background information
Tommy Robinson, the actual name is Stephen Christopher, he has been convicted for a
lot of things: of fraud, of lying on his visa, of firearms and for violence. He's adangerous
man, and this is not a matter of opinion it is a matter of facts. Besides that he’s the
founder of the English defense league (a far-right, Islamophobic organisation in the
United Kingdom). This man and his actions have been normalized and that’s not normal!.
He also went to prison, but before that, he was the political advisor to UK, in the
European parliament.
→ Context
The cases were this is all about are grooming cases, involving teenage girls. Lots of girls
were raped. They said, that all the victims were white, and all the rapists were Muslims,
butit's nonsense that they are all Muslim, they said that because it was an easy narrative
to run with because they were Asian grooming gangs. That's the context.
A bunch of girls were sexually assaulted because, police thought it was a lifestyle choice,
people who didn't see the warnings. But then luckily, they started an investigation and
started taking persecutions. It was gang trials. They were big trials and they needed to
take their time. They were three grooming gang trials, and there were reporting
restrictions on those three trails across the board. So even when the verdict of the first
trial was known, youcouldn't report it. And if you didn't respect those reporting restrictions
these guilty men could walk free. Tommy Robinson considers himself a journalist and he
reports about these grooming trials.
,→ first trial: Canterbury 2017
He filmed on steps, then inside the court but not the courtroom. "Tommy Robinson in
Canterbury exposing Muslim child rapists, Police help them escape". Couldn’t film
defendants or jury as they were moved via other exit. Notices forbidding filming,
security staff told him. Convicted under s41 of the Criminal Justice Act 1925 and of
contempt of court. Admitted contempt by filming in the precinct of the court. He claimed
he didn’t know, then he apologized, sentenced to 3 months suspended for 18 months.
He was representedby Leading and Junior Counsel. Leeds 2018 – convicted (pleaded
guilty) of contempt of court for Facebook live streaming in breach of reporting
restrictions, and approaching defendants, during jury deliberations. Jailed immediately
following conviction, didn’t have opportunity to prepare mitigation. 10 months for Leeds
offence, plus 3 months of Canterbury. He appealed.
→ Second trial – Leeds 2018
Then the second trial started in Leeds where he pleaded guilty for contempt of court. He
had been livestreaming on Facebook in breach of reporting restrictions, and approaching
defendants, during jury deliberations. The defense council asked for the trial to be declared
a mistrial because he was outside while the jury was deliberating and it wouldn’t be a fair
trial.
Tommy Robinson was risking the chance of a fair trial and if he had kept on live streaming
and if the child abusers would be convicted, their convictions could have been unfair. His
only motifs were to promote his organisation.
He risked 3 different trials of horrendous child abuse. That’s the jeopardy of not respecting
reporting restrictions. Unfortunately there was a slight problem. The judge in the Leeds
court was very worried about the integrity of the trial, with good reason. Tommy Robinson
was brought to court and within 24 hours he was asked to come with a response about
his actions, and he pleaded guilty. And he argued successfully that he shouldn’t have been
convicted for contempt. That his rights to a fair trial (irony) where not respected because
he didn’t had time to prepare or to consult with his own lawyer etc. He won the trial, and
he should have won because the judge was understandably worried about the integrity of
the trial cause this was in jeopardy the moment he was asked to stop filming. He should
have had the same rights as any other defendant, as any other accused person. To go by
the rhythm of the court and to have the time to prepare his defense, even if he pleaded
guilty.
, → appeals
Tommy Robinson indeed appealed for a retrial. After that there was a political debate about
should they or should they not prosecute him again and where. Eventually they decided to
prosecute him again and to give him enough time and to be very clear about what he was
charged for because for Tommy Robinson it wasn’t clear if he was charged with criminal
of civil contempt.
Than there was a statement from the appeal court, that was an another example of why
your evidence matters in this system because you have to prove every element.
So he was sentenced to prison for contempt of court but the argument was: where is the
contempt? Which parts of the video are the contempt?
He pleaded guilty but he wasn’t sure for what he pleaded guilty for. So the court of appeal
stated that it indeed wasn’t fair because it wasn’t clear which parts of the video were referred
to. The appeal court also asked to amend his record. His record stated that he was sentenced
to prison but actually it should have been committed to prison. Sentenced to prison is a
criminal conviction and is slightly different. So this time he got all the things he could possibly
asked for, a retrial and witnesses etc.
But despite that he is still found in contempt of court and was sentenced to 9 months. This
for violating the very strict reporting restrictions by filming. These restrictions are there to
protect a fair trial and to protect the system. Even if you didn’t had the intention to break the
reporting restrictions, you can be convicted for contempt of court.
→ Importance of the Tommy Robinson case
During the first trial in Canterbury Tommy Robinson thought that he was entitled to do
the things he did because he is so to speak “a journalist”, he said he got freedom of
expression. So he got convicted with suspension for contempt of court. He was given a
second chance but when he did the same things again at the second trial, Tommy
Robinson was arrested and they’ve activated his sentence of 3 months because he
violated the conditions the judge gave him.
They didn’t gave him a fair trial because he didn’t had time to prepare or to consult his
own lawyer. So despite the fact that everything he did was against the contempt of court
in England, it doesn’t matter because he is entitled to have the same rights for a fair trial
as anybody else. So he insulted the court, however the court said it should be referred
for a retrial. So think again if you don’t believe in the legal system in England.
If we didn’t had the reporting restrictions and the contempt of court in order to have the
right to a fair trial, than these pedophiles wouldn’t be convicted. So that’s the importance
of the reporting restrictions in England and Wales and the difference of that and article
10. It doesn’t make a difference that Tommy Robinson wasn’t a journalist. He could still
be convicted for contempt of court. In fact if he would have been a journalist he wouldn’t
have violated the restrictions because he would have known about them.
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