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Samenvatting Physiology of Behavior, Global Edition, ISBN: 9781292158105 Biologische Psychologie 2 $6.44
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Samenvatting Physiology of Behavior, Global Edition, ISBN: 9781292158105 Biologische Psychologie 2

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Hiermee heb ik een 13/20 gehaald. Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Biologische Psychologie 2 bachelor II. Het wordt gedoceerd door Kris Baetens. Het bevat 5 hoofdstukken van het handboek Physiology of Behavior, Global Edition geschreven door Neil Carlson, Melissa Birkett.

Last document update: 2 year ago

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  • Hoofdstuk 5 t.e.m. 9
  • January 12, 2022
  • January 31, 2022
  • 98
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary
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Biologische psychologie
H1: INLEIDING................................................................................................................................ 4

H2: ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN ...................................................................................................... 6

1. Beïnvloeden van functies ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Laesie-studies ....................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Experimentele ablatie .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Tijdelijke beïnvloeding.......................................................................................................................... 8

2. Observeren en structuur ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Histologische methoden..................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Tracing ................................................................................................................................................ 13
2.3 Structuur van levend (menselijk) weefsel .......................................................................................... 13

3. Observeren van activiteit ..................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Elektrische en elektromagnetische activiteit ..................................................................................... 15
3.2 Metabole en synaptische activiteit .................................................................................................... 20


H3: ZICHT ..................................................................................................................................... 21

1. Het oog ................................................................................................................................................ 21
1.1 De stimulus: het licht.......................................................................................................................... 21
1.2 Anatomie van het oog ........................................................................................................................ 22
1.3 De retina ............................................................................................................................................. 23
1.4 Centraal en perifeer zicht ................................................................................................................... 27

2. Hersenregio’s betrokken bij visuele processen ..................................................................................... 28
2.1 Overzicht van het visuele circuit ........................................................................................................ 28
2.2 LGN ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
2.3 Cortex striata ...................................................................................................................................... 29
2.4 Cortex extrastriata.............................................................................................................................. 30

3. Kleurperceptie ..................................................................................................................................... 30
3.1 Ganglioncellen: licht & donker ........................................................................................................... 30
3.2 Rol van de retina ................................................................................................................................ 33
3.3 Cortex striata ...................................................................................................................................... 35
3.4 Cortex extrastriata.............................................................................................................................. 35

4. Vormperceptie..................................................................................................................................... 36
4.1 Spatiale frequentie ............................................................................................................................. 36
4.2 Cortex striata ...................................................................................................................................... 38
4.3 Cortex extrastriata.............................................................................................................................. 38

5. Perceptie van spatiale locatie .............................................................................................................. 41
5.1 Rol van de retina ................................................................................................................................ 41
5.2 Cortex striata ...................................................................................................................................... 41
5.3 Cortex extrastriata.............................................................................................................................. 41

6. Perceptie van oriëntatie en beweging .................................................................................................. 42
6.1 Cortex striata ...................................................................................................................................... 42
6.2 Cortex extrastriata.............................................................................................................................. 43



Bron: lessen en powerpoints gegeven door prof. Kris Baetens 1

,H4: GEHOOR, EVENWICHT, TAST, SMAAK EN GEUR .................................................................. 44

1. Gehoor ................................................................................................................................................ 44
1.1 De stimulus: geluid ............................................................................................................................. 44
1.2 Anatomie van het oor ........................................................................................................................ 44
1.3 Haarcellen & transductie .................................................................................................................... 46
1.4 Het auditieve circuit ........................................................................................................................... 48
1.5 Toonhoogte ........................................................................................................................................ 50
1.6 Volume ............................................................................................................................................... 50
1.7 Timbre ................................................................................................................................................ 51
1.8 Spatiale locatie ................................................................................................................................... 51
1.9 Complexe geluiden ............................................................................................................................. 52

2. Evenwicht ............................................................................................................................................ 53
2.1 Anatomie van het vestibulaire systeem ............................................................................................. 53
2.2 Het vestibulaire circuit ....................................................................................................................... 54

3. Voelen ................................................................................................................................................. 56
3.1 De stimuli ........................................................................................................................................... 56
3.2 Anatomie van de huid ........................................................................................................................ 56
3.3 Stimulatie van de huid........................................................................................................................ 58
3.4 Het somatosensorische circuit ........................................................................................................... 60
3.5 Pijn...................................................................................................................................................... 61

4. Smaak .................................................................................................................................................. 64
4.1 De stimuli ........................................................................................................................................... 64
4.2 Anatomie van de smaakpapillen en smaakcellen............................................................................... 64
4.3 Smaakperceptie.................................................................................................................................. 65
4.4 Het smaakcircuit ................................................................................................................................. 65

5. Geur .................................................................................................................................................... 66
5.1 De stimulus ......................................................................................................................................... 66
5.2 Anatomie van het olfactieve apparaat ............................................................................................... 68
5.3 Transductie ......................................................................................................................................... 69


H5: MOTORIEK............................................................................................................................. 70

1. Skeletspieren ....................................................................................................................................... 70
1.1 Anatomie ............................................................................................................................................ 70
1.2 Contractie ........................................................................................................................................... 71
1.3 Sensorische feedback ......................................................................................................................... 71

2. Motoriek en het ruggenmerg ............................................................................................................... 72
2.1 Monosynaptische stretchreflex .......................................................................................................... 72
2.2 Polysynaptische reflexen .................................................................................................................... 72

3. Motoriek en het brein .......................................................................................................................... 73
3.1 Dalende banen ................................................................................................................................... 73
3.2 Corticale structuren............................................................................................................................ 73
3.3 De motorische associatiecortex ......................................................................................................... 74
3.4 Subcorticale structuren ...................................................................................................................... 78

4. Complexe motoriek ............................................................................................................................. 82
4.1 Spiegelneuronen ................................................................................................................................ 82
4.2 Corollary discharge ............................................................................................................................. 84




Bron: lessen en powerpoints gegeven door prof. Kris Baetens 2

,H6: SLAAP EN BIOLOGISCHE RITMES .......................................................................................... 87

1. Wat is slaap? ....................................................................................................................................... 87
1.1 Slaapstadia ......................................................................................................................................... 87
1.2 Hersenactiviteit tijdens de slaap ........................................................................................................ 89

2. Waarom slapen we? ............................................................................................................................ 89
2.1 Functies van SWS-slaap ...................................................................................................................... 89
2.2 Functies van REM-slaap...................................................................................................................... 92
2.3 Slaap en leren ..................................................................................................................................... 92

3. Fysiologische slaap- en waakmechanismes .......................................................................................... 93
3.1 Neurale controle van slaap ................................................................................................................ 93
3.2 Neurale controle van waakzaamheid ................................................................................................. 94
3.3 Neurale controle van slaap-waak overgangen ................................................................................... 96
3.4 Neurale controle van REM-transitie ................................................................................................... 97




Bron: lessen en powerpoints gegeven door prof. Kris Baetens 3

, H1: Inleiding
Voorbeeld: tumor leidt tot gedragsverandering
- Verandering op fysiek vlak zorgt voor een verandering in persoonlijkheid
- Causaal verband tussen hersenen en persoonlijkheid
- Systematisch verband: tumor op een verschillende plekken zorgt voor verschillende
gedragsveranderingen

Verbondenheid tussen materieel lichaam en immateriële geest
- Lastig idee: intuïtief staan we er anders tegenover
o Lichaam kent een einde waardoor de verbondenheid impliceert dat de psyche
dan ook eindigt
- Lichaam = biologische processen, materie,…
o Stopt op een gegeven moment
- Psyche = geest, gedachten, gevoel, dromen, ervaring,…
- Bv.: darmflora speelt een belangrijke rol bij de stemming
- Materieel monisme = lichaam en geest staan samen

2 richtingen:
- Lichaam verandert, welke verandering heeft dit op psyche?
o Waarneming: verschillende pillen kunnen zorgen voor visuele hallucinaties,
slaap, honger,…
o Persoonlijkheid: schade aan hersendelen kunnen persoonlijkheid veranderen
§ Psychische effecten van hersenschade hangen systemisch samen met
de locus (= plaats van schade in hersenen)
§ Bv.: S.M., de vrouw zonder angst
• Bilaterale schade in de amygdala
• Experiment op vrouw waarbij ze haar wouden bang maken met
slangen, horrorfilms, spookhuis,… maar ze werd niet bang
• Ze was ook niet in staat om angst in anderen te herkennen
o Ook andere verwante emoties kon ze niet herkennen
o Walging en angst hangen vaak samen
§ Bij beide emoties nemen mensen afstand van de
situatie
§ Fight, flight, freeze
• Probleem: ze heeft geen vermijdingsgedrag obv angst
• CO2 inhaleren: gevoel van verstikking
o Toen kreeg ze wel een paniekaanval dus voelde angst
o Deze prikkel kwam van binnenuit
§ Geen externe factor
• Ze had ook schrik van de tandarts
o Verklaring: vroeger heeft ze een pijnlijke ervaring gehad
waardoor ze een geconditioneerde respons vertoont
§ Amygdala = detectie van externe dreiging
• Interne dreiging loopt via een andere weg
o Beslissingen en ethiek:



Bron: lessen en powerpoints gegeven door prof. Kris Baetens 4

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