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Samenvatting grondslagen
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Smv van grondslagen (enkel slides en notities) Let op, andere prof (Prof Woumans in dit academiejaar)
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Grondslagen van de psychologie: samenvattingInhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Het begin...........................................................................................................................5
Grondslagen?......................................................................................................................................5
Wereld is sterk veranderd..................................................................................................................5
Het geschrift.......................................................................................................................................6
Ontstaan van het geschrift..............................................................................................................6
Geschriften als een extern geheugen.............................................................................................7
De lezer...............................................................................................................................................7
Ontstaan van getallen.........................................................................................................................8
Getallen namen geven....................................................................................................................8
Plaatscode en nul............................................................................................................................9
Vroege beschavingen.........................................................................................................................9
Griekse beschaving...........................................................................................................................10
Plato.............................................................................................................................................10
Aristoteles.....................................................................................................................................11
Scholen.........................................................................................................................................11
Alexandrië.........................................................................................................................................12
Romeinen.........................................................................................................................................12
Byzantijnse Rijk.................................................................................................................................12
Arabieren..........................................................................................................................................12
Nadagen van het Westerse Romeinse Rijk.......................................................................................13
Het tij keren in het Westen...............................................................................................................13
Het tijd keren in het Westen............................................................................................................13
Renaissance......................................................................................................................................14
Invloed van het Protestantisme........................................................................................................14
Boekdrukkunst..................................................................................................................................14
Kolonisatie........................................................................................................................................14
Grenzen van de geschiedschrijving...................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 2: De wetenschappelijke revolutie 1600-1700....................................................................16
Revolutie...........................................................................................................................................16
Kalenderproblemen..........................................................................................................................16
Geocentrisch model in Oude Griekenland........................................................................................16
Argumenten..................................................................................................................................17
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, Probleem......................................................................................................................................17
Copernicus........................................................................................................................................18
Problemen met het heliocentrisch model....................................................................................18
Galilei................................................................................................................................................18
Bevindingen van Galilei.................................................................................................................19
Problemen met de Katholieke Kerk..............................................................................................19
Waarom reageerde de KK zo sterk?..............................................................................................19
Mechanisatie van de wereld.............................................................................................................20
De eerste wetten van de fysica.........................................................................................................20
Principia mathematica (1687).......................................................................................................22
Waarom Europa 17de eeuw?...........................................................................................................23
Revolutie?.........................................................................................................................................25
Wat was de nieuwe wetenschappelijke methode?..........................................................................25
Bacon............................................................................................................................................26
Er valt nog veel nieuwe kennis te ontdekken...................................................................................27
Maatschappelijke veranderingen t.g.v. wetenschap........................................................................28
Positivisme........................................................................................................................................29
De twee culturen..............................................................................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 3: Psychologie in de 18-19e eeuw.......................................................................................31
Wanneer sprak men van psychologie?.............................................................................................31
Individualisering in de maatschappij................................................................................................31
Epistemologie...................................................................................................................................32
Empirisme.........................................................................................................................................32
Filosofische probleem met het empirisme...................................................................................32
Idealisme vs. realisme.......................................................................................................................33
Psychologie.......................................................................................................................................34
Handboeken psychologie.................................................................................................................36
Wetenschappelijke studies van psychologische functies..................................................................37
Evolutietheorie.................................................................................................................................39
Bijdrage van de statistiek..................................................................................................................40
Vergelijking met geneeskunde.........................................................................................................41
Hoofdstuk 4: De uitbouw van psychologie als een nieuwe academische discipline.............................42
Duitsland..........................................................................................................................................42
Amerika............................................................................................................................................45
Frankrijk............................................................................................................................................46
2
, Freud en de psychoanalyse..............................................................................................................50
UK.....................................................................................................................................................51
Gent..................................................................................................................................................53
Wat over de 5 scholen?....................................................................................................................54
Hoofdstuk 7: Mind-brain, vrije wil en bewustzijn.................................................................................56
Ons zelf.............................................................................................................................................56
Relatie zelf - hersenen?....................................................................................................................56
Dualisme.......................................................................................................................................56
Materialisme.................................................................................................................................59
Functionalisme.............................................................................................................................60
Bewustzijn........................................................................................................................................63
Bewustzijn als toegang.................................................................................................................63
Fenomenologie.............................................................................................................................65
Twee types van denken....................................................................................................................67
Hoofdstuk 8: Invloed toegepaste psychologie op het dagelijkse leven................................................68
Psychologisatie van de maatschappij...............................................................................................68
1. Klinische psychologie....................................................................................................................68
Eerste klinische centra gerund door psychologen........................................................................69
Impact WOII..................................................................................................................................69
Na WOII........................................................................................................................................69
Social management......................................................................................................................71
Verhoogde kennis (klinische) psychologie in de maatschappij.....................................................71
2. Psychologische tests.....................................................................................................................71
Het belang van betrouwbare en valide tests................................................................................72
Ongestructureerde interviews scoren slecht op betrouwbaarheid..............................................72
Psychologische tests als een beter alternatief..............................................................................73
IQ testen.......................................................................................................................................73
Vaardigheidstesten.......................................................................................................................73
Persoonlijkheidstesten.................................................................................................................74
Tests worden hoe langer hoe belangrijker...................................................................................75
3. Arbeids- & Organisatie psychologie..............................................................................................75
Industriële psychologie.................................................................................................................75
Menselijke relaties........................................................................................................................76
Human resource management.....................................................................................................76
Opletten met te geïdealiseerde geschiedenissen van de wetenschap.........................................77
3
, Hoofdstuk 9: Wat is wetenschap?.......................................................................................................78
Welke status heeft wetenschap?......................................................................................................78
Superioriteit van wetenschap gebaseerd op 4 aannames................................................................78
Problemen....................................................................................................................................78
Ideeën over wetenschap in de oudheid............................................................................................79
Ideeën over wetenschap bij de katholieke kerk...............................................................................79
Ideeën tijdens de wetenschappelijke revolutie................................................................................79
Ideeën in de 17e-19e eeuw..............................................................................................................80
Positivisme........................................................................................................................................81
20e eeuw..........................................................................................................................................81
Logisch positivisme...........................................................................................................................81
Falsificatie.........................................................................................................................................82
Kuhn.................................................................................................................................................84
Postmodernisme en kennisoorlogen................................................................................................86
Pragmatisme als alternatief?............................................................................................................86
Besluit?.............................................................................................................................................87
Hoofdstuk 10: Is psychologie een wetenschap?...................................................................................88
Probleem..........................................................................................................................................88
Waarom wordt psychologie een wetenschap genoemd?.................................................................88
Waarom ziet samenleving psychologie niet als wetenschap?..........................................................91
1. Stereotiep beeld van psycholoog beantwoordt niet aan stereotiep beeld van wetenschapper
......................................................................................................................................................91
2. Veel psychologen buiten het onderzoek...................................................................................92
3. Psychologiekennis is gemakkelijk..............................................................................................92
4. Heeft psychologie al een algemene theorie die een globaal kader biedt?................................92
5. Niet alle academische psychologen zien psychologie als een wetenschap...............................92
Kritiek op de psychologie als wetenschap........................................................................................93
Nieuwe evolutie: Kritische psychologie............................................................................................94
Gespletenheid binnen de psychologie..............................................................................................94
Gevolgen voor vak geschiedenis van de psychologie.......................................................................95
Hoofdstuk 13: Psychologie & Maatschappij.........................................................................................96
Psychologie en maatschappij beïnvloeden elkaar............................................................................96
Invloed maatschappij op psychologie...............................................................................................96
Invloed psychologie op maatschappij.............................................................................................102
Psychische stoornis is nog altijd een stigma...................................................................................105
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