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Samenvatting Algemene Psychologie hoofdstuk “aandacht” van Toegepaste Psychologie in Thomas More
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Samenvatting algemene psychologie “aandacht” met tussentitels, kleurtjes, afbeeldingen, voorbeelden, …
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INTRODUCTIEDefinitie William James 1890:
“Taking possession by the mind…”
-> aandacht willekeurig aspect
“of one out of what seem several simultaneous possible objects or trains of thought…”
-> beperkte capaciteit, interne en externe wereld
“…withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with othes…”
-> negeren is actief proces, kiezen is verliezen
WAT IS AANDACHT
Traditionele visie vanuit infover werkingstheorie:
- mens = info ver werkende wezen
- massieve parallelle en continue input van zintuigelijke info
- ver werkingsmogelijkheden = limited
- filteren, selecteren, blokkeren, onderdrukken
Selectieve aandacht = vermogen richten op kenmerken omgeving met uitsluiting van andere
Capaciteit: beperkte recources (mentale energie)
-> hoeveel brandstof is er & wat maakt taak belastend?
SELECTIEVE AANDACHT
Filteren
Dichotische luistertaak
Filter: voorzetstuk inschakelen waardoor info binnen systeem
Experimenteel aangetoond met cihotische luistertaken:
> 2 boodschappen in verschillend oor
> 1 schaduwen, 1 negeren
Waarneming niet-geattendeerde oor: Niet waargenomen niet-geattendeerd oor:
- was er stem? - inhoud boodschap
- verandering hoogte? - taal boodschap
- veranderde stem in toon? - verandering taal
Broadbent (1958): filtertheorie
= aandachtsselectie beperkt tot fysieke eigenschappen van info
Cocktail-party fenomenen
-> toonde aan dat filter lekt
- genegeerd oor:
> conditie 1: ‘je mag nu stoppen’ = 8% reactie
> conditie 2: ‘Hans, je mag nu stoppen’ = 33% reactie
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