,Onderzoeksvaardigheden....................................................................................................................... 0
1. Basisbegrippen................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Wetenschappelijk verantwoord onderzoek..............................................................3
1.2. Soorten onderzoek................................................................................................3
1.2.1. Verschillende doelen: fundamenteel en praktijkgericht onderzoek........................................3
1.2.2. Verschillende grondvormen: kwantitatief en kwalitatief onderzoek.......................................4
1.2.3. Verschillende tijdsperspectieven............................................................................................4
Cross-sectioneel onderzoek............................................................................................................. 4
= Mensen worden eenmalig op een bepaald tijdstip, onderzocht....................................................4
Longitudinaal onderzoek.................................................................................................................. 4
= loopt langer doorheen de tijd: er worden meerdere onderzoek momenten ingelast....................4
Trendonderzoek............................................................................................................................... 4
Panelonderzoek................................................................................................................................ 4
1.3. Eisen aan onderzoek.............................................................................................. 5
1.3.1. Wetenschappelijke eisen........................................................................................................ 5
1.3.2. Etnische eisen........................................................................................................................ 5
1.3.3. Praktische eisen..................................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Het onderzoeksproces: fasen in een onderzoek.......................................................6
2. Het onderzoeksplan (= denkfase/ -proces)......................................................................................... 7
2.1. De probleemstelling.............................................................................................. 7
(= de context waarin je onderzoeksvraag tot stand komt)..............................................7
2.1.1. De aanleiding......................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2. De doelstelling....................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3. De afbakening van het onderwerp en de doelgroep...............................................................7
2.1.4. De onderzoeksvragen............................................................................................................ 7
2.2. Bepalen van de grondvorm: de keuze voor kwantitatief of kwalitatief onderzoek....10
2.2.1. De keuze bij verklarende onderzoeksvragen........................................................................10
2.2.2. De keuze bij beschrijvende onderzoeksvragen.....................................................................10
2.3. Het onderzoek ontwerp........................................................................................10
2.3.1. Wat waarnemen?................................................................................................................. 10
2.3.2. Wie waarnemen?.................................................................................................................. 10
2.3.3. Hoe waarnemen?................................................................................................................. 10
3. Steekproeftrekking........................................................................................................................... 11
3.1. Basisbegrippen.................................................................................................... 11
3.2. Aselecte steekproef............................................................................................. 11
3.2.1. Principes............................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.2. Types................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.3. Externe geldigheid/validiteit................................................................................................ 12
3.2.4. Responsmaximalisatie.......................................................................................................... 12
3.3. Niet-theoretische selectie van steekproeven.........................................................12
3.3.1. Principes............................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.2. Types.................................................................................................................................. 13
3.3.3. Externe geldigheid.............................................................................................................. 13
3.4. Theoretisch selecte steekproeven........................................................................14
3.4.1. Principes............................................................................................................................... 14
3.4.2. Types................................................................................................................................... 14
3.4.3. Externe geldigheid............................................................................................................... 14
4. Kwantitatief onderzoek via enquêtes................................................................................................ 15
4.1. Kwantitatieve onderzoeksmethoden.....................................................................15
4.1.1. Een korte omschrijving van de 5 methoden.........................................................................15
4.1.2. De keuze tussen de methoden............................................................................................. 15
4.2. Operationaliseren van kenmerken: van onderzoeksvraag naar enquête.................16
Stap 1: Bepaal de variabelen in de onderzoeksvraag of hypothese...............................................16
Stap 3: Bepaal welke componenten van de variabele je wil onderzoeken......................................16
Stap 4: Zet de kenmerken of componenten om naar indicatoren..................................................16
Stap 5: Zet de indicatoren om naar vragen en antwoordmogelijkheden in een vragenlijst...........16
4.3. Een enquête opstellen.........................................................................................17
4.3.1. Soort enquêtevragen........................................................................................................... 17
Onderzoeksvaardigheden
2
, Gesloten vragen............................................................................................................................. 17
Halfopen vragen............................................................................................................................. 17
Enkelvoudige vragen...................................................................................................................... 17
Meervoudige vragen...................................................................................................................... 17
Hier zijn meerdere antwoorden mogelijk........................................................................................17
Schikkingsvragen........................................................................................................................... 17
Dichotome vragen.......................................................................................................................... 17
Schaalvragen................................................................................................................................. 17
Meetschaal..................................................................................................................................... 17
Likertschaal.................................................................................................................................... 17
4.3.2. Enqûete/ vragen opstellen................................................................................................... 17
4.3.3. Antwoordmogelijkheden formuleren....................................................................................18
4.3.4. Opbouw vragenlijst.............................................................................................................. 18
4.4. Betrouwbaarheid en geldigheid van het dataverzamelingsinstrument....................19
4.4.1. Betrouwbaarheid.................................................................................................................. 19
4.4.2. Geldigheid/ validiteit............................................................................................................ 19
4.5. Afname van enquêtes..........................................................................................19
5. Data-analyse in kwantitatief onderzoek........................................................................................... 20
5.1. Voorbereiding van de data-analyse.......................................................................20
5.1.1. Codering van blanco enquêtes............................................................................................. 20
5.1.2. Een codeboek opstellen....................................................................................................... 20
5.1.3. Een datamatrix opstellen..................................................................................................... 20
5.1.4. Variabelen en hun meetniveaus........................................................................................... 21
5.2. Beschrijving van afzonderlijke variabelen.............................................................21
5.2.1. Frequentietabellen............................................................................................................... 21
https://d.docs.live.net/54d18ab6d2800143/Documenten/2021-2022/VIVES%202021-2022/Vakken
%20Semester%201/Onderzoeksvaardigheden/Statistiek%20oefeningen%20voorbereiding.docx. 21
5.2.2. Grafieken............................................................................................................................. 22
5.2.3. Centrum- en spreidingsmaten.............................................................................................. 23
5.3. Beschrijving van een combinatie van variabelen...................................................24
5.3.1. Kruistabellen........................................................................................................................ 24
5.3.2. Correlatietabellen................................................................................................................. 25
6. Kwalitatief onderzoek via interviews en focusgroepen.....................................................................27
6.1. Het onderzoeksproces.........................................................................................27
6.2. Kwalitatieve onderzoeksmethoden.......................................................................27
6.2.1. Een korte omschrijving van enkele methoden......................................................................27
6.2.2. De keuze tussen de methoden............................................................................................. 27
6.3. Interviews........................................................................................................... 28
6.3.1. Soorten interviews............................................................................................................... 28
6.3.2. Interviews voorbereiden....................................................................................................... 28
6.4. Focusgroepen...................................................................................................... 29
6.4.1. Focusgroepen voorbereiden................................................................................................. 29
Onderzoeksvaardigheden
2
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