plant reproduction and reproductive strategies summary for ieb grade 12 biology
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Course
Life Sciences
Institution
12th Grade
A summary of Reproductive strategies and Plant reproduction. Reproductive strategies include: courtship displays, fertilisation (both internal and external), how offspring are born (ovipary, ovovivipary and vivipary), amniotic egg structure and function, parental care types. K and R strategists. Pl...
Reproductive
strategies and plant
reproduction
Gina Fourie
, Reproductive strategies
Courtship
The males expend energy to become dominant and mate whereas the females are
passive and either choose which male is the biologically fit or wait for the more
dominant male to mate with her.
- The reason why the females do not expend their energy is because they need to
conserve energy to produce offspring.
Courtship display types:
1.Visual (eg. male peacocks court female peacocks by
displaying their bright feathers)
2. Auditory (eg. male bullfrogs court female bullfrogs
with croaking noises)
3. Chemical - through pheromones (eg. boomslang
females secrete pheromones which signals to the
male that they are ready to reproduce)
Example with more than one courtship display:
- Rutting - male antelope (of the same species) will
fight with each other, by locking antlers to fight
for dominance to attract the females. The male
that is most dominant will mate with all the females.
- Therefore passing on the strongest genes
to the offspring which allows the offspring
to be biologically fit thereby ensuring reproductive success.
Reproductive success: breeding successfully and
producing offspring that reach reproductive age.
Fertilisation
External fertilisation
- Occurs in aquatic organisms (fish and frogs)
- Hundreds of eggs and sperm are produced and
released to ensure fertilisation occurs thereby
ensuring reproductive success.
Internal fertilisation
- Reptiles, birds and mammals.
- Reptiles and birds have a cloaca whereas mammal males have a penis which is
inserted into the vagina.
- Ensures reproductive success as the sperm is deposited directly inside the
female which creates a greater chance of fertilisation and thereby
reproductive success. (large mass of sperm are released)
Biology notes by Gina Fourie
2
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