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Anatomy and Physiology
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Lecture notes of 2 pages for the course Anatomy and physiology at (Class Notes)
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Anatomy physiology study notes – week 1Cells and tissue - there are over 200 types of cells. Cells are the building block of tissue and the basic
structural unit of an organism.
Differentiation – is the multiplication/division of cells within the embryo which change shape/structure
depending on which parts are activated by genetic code.
Somatic cells – include all cells except sex cells. Produced by zygotes (2 sex cells formed during
fertilization)
Bone cells – support bone
Blood cells – carry oxygen
Nerve cells – transmit signals
Muscle cells – move the body
Skin cells – protect organs
Sex cells – enable reproduction
Parts of a cell:
Cytoplasm, organelles, cytosol, nucleus and…
Plasma membrane – flexible barrier, outer layer of a cell. It is semi permeable and regulates in/out of
materials. Substances cross the plasma membrane by passive transport (no energy ie.
Osmosis/diffusion) or by active transport (energy required moves from an area of low concentration to
an area of higher concentration).
Organelles of a cell & functions:
Plasma membrane - semi permeable barrier that surrounds/protects the cytoplasm. Allows passage of
materials.
Golgi complex – organelle of the cytoplasm, consists of 3-20 cisternae (small membranous sacs)
Transport vesicles dot the cisternae, enzymes in the cisternae modify proteins then pack into transfer
vesicles for transport into the areas of the cell.
Osmosis: is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane.
Isotonic solution (normal blood) – intake and output is balanced
Hypotonic solution (higher concentration of water outside the cell) – cell swells as water moves through
and may cause the cell to burst.
Hypertonic solution (higher concentration of water inside the cell) – water flows out of the cell and the
cell shrinks.
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