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Samenvatting Kwantitatieve Methoden
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Samenvatting lessen + handboek + weblectures. Ik was met deze samenvatting geslaagd in januari :)
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By: carlijnedixhoven • 11 months ago
By: arnauddecleyre • 1 year ago
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KWANTITATIEVE METHODENInhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Het onderzoeksproces...................................................................................6
1.1. Een voorbeeld.......................................................................................................... 7
1.2. Fasen in het onderzoeksproces................................................................................9
Het onderzoeksproces van een socioloog (HB)............................................................9
De empirische cyclus – De Groot (Les).........................................................................9
Inductief model (Les).................................................................................................11
Hoofdstuk 2: Probleem, theorie en conceptueel model....................................................12
2.1. Probleem................................................................................................................ 12
Oefening.................................................................................................................... 13
2.2. Theorie................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1. Literatuurstudie als terugkerende fase............................................................14
2.2.2. Literatuurstudie als onderzoeksvorm...............................................................15
2.2.3. Zoeken van literatuur......................................................................................15
2.2.4. Verwerken van literatuur.................................................................................18
2.2.5. Doel................................................................................................................. 19
2.3. Het conceptueel model.......................................................................................... 19
2.3.1. Het onderzoekselement...................................................................................19
2.3.2. Variabelen........................................................................................................ 19
2.3.3. Onderzoeksvragen........................................................................................... 22
2.3.4. Hypothesen...................................................................................................... 22
2.4. Toetsend, explorerend en beschrijvend onderzoek................................................23
2.5. Het concretiseren van het conceptueel model (onderzoeksontwerp).....................24
Hoofdstuk 3: Het onderzoekselement..............................................................................26
3.1. Populatie................................................................................................................ 26
3.2. Steekproef en generaliseren..................................................................................27
3.3. De grootte van de steekproef................................................................................28
3.4. Steekproeftechnieken............................................................................................ 28
3.4.1. De enkelvoudige aselecte steekproef..............................................................28
3.4.2. De gestratificeerde steekproef.........................................................................29
3.4.3. De clustersteekproef........................................................................................31
3.4.4. De twee- en meertrapssteekproef....................................................................31
3.4.5. Niet-aselecte steekproeven.............................................................................32
3.4.6. De n=1-steekproef en casestudy’s..................................................................33
3.5. Kwaliteit van de steekproef....................................................................................33
Pagina 1 van 115
,Hoofdstuk 4: Meten door middel van vragen...................................................................35
4.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................. 35
4.2. De waarnemingseenheid........................................................................................35
4.3. Tests en schalen (niet in HB)..................................................................................36
4.4. Afnemen van vragenlijsten....................................................................................37
4.4.1. De enquête, het interview en het telefonisch interview...................................38
4.4.2. Het groepsinterview en de groepsenquête......................................................40
4.5. Vragenlijstconstructie............................................................................................ 40
4.5.1. Indiceren en operationaliseren.........................................................................40
4.5.2. Meetniveau...................................................................................................... 42
4.5.3. Criteria............................................................................................................. 43
4.5.4. Vraagvormen................................................................................................... 45
4.5.5. Selectie van vragen......................................................................................... 49
4.6. Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid.............................................................................49
4.6.1. Geldigheid........................................................................................................ 49
4.6.2. Validatiemethoden...........................................................................................49
4.6.3. Betrouwbaarheid.............................................................................................. 51
4.6.4. Methoden om de betrouwbaarheid te bepalen.................................................51
Hoofdstuk 5: Meten door middel van observatie..............................................................53
5.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................. 53
5.2. Vragen stellen of observeren.................................................................................53
5.3. Gestructureerde en ongestructureerde observatie................................................54
5.4. Participerende en niet-participerende observatie..................................................55
5.5. Systematische observatie......................................................................................56
5.5.1. Observatiesystemen........................................................................................57
5.5.2. Wanneer observeren........................................................................................59
5.5.3. Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid.......................................................................60
5.6. Participerende observatie......................................................................................62
5.6.1. Wat te observeren?..........................................................................................62
5.6.2. Wanneer observeren?......................................................................................62
5.6.3. Openlijke en verborgen observatie..................................................................62
5.6.4. Hoe te registreren?..........................................................................................63
5.6.5. Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid.......................................................................63
Hoofdstuk 6: Meten met behulp van bestaande gegevens...............................................65
6.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................. 65
6.2. Soorten bestaande gegevens.................................................................................65
6.3. Analyse van ambtelijk statistisch mteriaal en secundaire analyse.........................66
6.4. Inhoudsanalyse...................................................................................................... 66
Pagina 2 van 115
, 6.5. Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid.............................................................................67
6.5.1. Metingen met ambtelijk statistisch meteraal of met gegevens uit onderzoek
dat door anderen verricht is.......................................................................................67
6.5.2. onderzoek met ruwe data waarop inhoudsanalyse is toegepast......................68
6.6. Voor- en nadelen van het gebruik van bestaand materiaal....................................68
Verschillende verzamelingsmethoden in één onderzoek (H4, 5 & 6)...............................69
Hoofdstuk 8: Experimenteel onderzoek............................................................................69
8.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................. 69
8.2. Pre-experimentele designs.....................................................................................70
8.2.1. De one shot case study....................................................................................70
8.2.2. Het one group pretest-posttest design.............................................................71
8.2.3. De statische groepsvergelijking.......................................................................71
8.3. Soorten buitenexperimentele factoren...................................................................71
8.3.1. Rijping.............................................................................................................. 72
8.3.2. Testing............................................................................................................. 72
8.3.3. History............................................................................................................. 72
8.3.4. Regressie......................................................................................................... 72
8.3.5. Selectie............................................................................................................ 73
8.3.6. Uitval............................................................................................................... 73
8.3.7. Instrumentatie................................................................................................. 73
8.3.8. Interactie van buitenexperimentele factoren...................................................73
8.4. Controle storende factoren + uitsluiten alternatieve verklaringen.........................73
8.4.1. Manipulatie...................................................................................................... 74
8.4.2. Randomiseren en matchen..............................................................................76
8.4.3. Standaardisatie................................................................................................77
8.5. Intern valide designs.............................................................................................. 78
8.5.1. Het pretest-posttest control group design.......................................................78
8.5.2. Het posttest only control group design............................................................78
8.5.3. Het pretest-posttest control group design Het posttest only control group
design........................................................................................................................ 79
8.5.4. Het Solomon four group design........................................................................80
8.5.5. Complexere designs......................................................................................... 81
8.5.6. Designs met herhaalde metingen....................................................................84
8.5.7. Counterbalancing designs................................................................................84
8.6. Single subject research.......................................................................................... 85
8.6.1. Het reversal design..........................................................................................85
8.6.2. Het multiple baseline design............................................................................86
8.6.3. Het tijdseriedesign...........................................................................................86
Pagina 3 van 115
, 8.7. Quasi-experimentele designs.................................................................................86
8.7.1. Niet-equivalente controlegroep design............................................................87
8.8. Externe validiteit.................................................................................................... 87
8.9. Statistische toetsing............................................................................................... 88
8.10. Hoofd- en interactie-effecten...............................................................................88
Hoofdstuk 9: Correlationeel onderzoek............................................................................89
9.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................. 89
9.2. De analyse van één variabele (niet kennen uit HB)...............................................90
9.2.1. Frequentieverdelingen.....................................................................................90
9.2.2. Maten voor centrale tendentie.........................................................................90
9.3. Cross-sectioneel onderzoek: Samenhang in correlationeel onderzoek...................90
9.3.1. Tabellenanalyse............................................................................................... 90
9.3.2. Associatiematen.............................................................................................. 91
9.3.3. Analyse met behulp van centrale tendentiematen...........................................91
9.3.4. Cross-sectioneel onderzoek.............................................................................91
9.4. Causaliteit in correlationeel onderzoek..................................................................93
9.4.1. Longitudinaal onderzoek..................................................................................94
9.5. Oplossingen voor het derde variabeleprobleem.....................................................95
9.5.1. De elaboratietechniek......................................................................................95
9.5.2. De analyse met behulp van partiële correlaties...............................................96
9.5.3. Ex post facto onderzoek...................................................................................96
9.5.4. Multiple regressie-analyse...............................................................................96
9.6. Oplossingen voor het tijdvolgordeprobleem...........................................................96
9.6.1. Panelonderzoek............................................................................................... 97
9.6.2. De cross lagged panel techniek.......................................................................97
Hoofdstuk 10: rapportage en kritisch beoordelen van onderzoek....................................97
10.1. Het onderzoeksraport.......................................................................................... 97
10.1.1. Structuur van het onderzoeksrapport............................................................97
10.1.2. Format en stijl................................................................................................ 99
10.1.3. Rapportagecriteria.......................................................................................100
10.2. Het kritisch beoordelen van kwantitatief empirisch wetenschappelijk onderzoek
................................................................................................................................... 100
10.2.1. Algemene kwaliteitscriteria..........................................................................101
10.3. Criteria voor het beoordelen van gepubliceerd kwantitatief empirisch
wetenschappelijk onderzoek.......................................................................................102
10.3.1. Peer reviewed >< andere bronnen..............................................................102
10.3.2. Beoordelingscriteria.....................................................................................102
10.4. Checklist............................................................................................................ 104
Pagina 4 van 115
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