Dit is een combinatie van de lesnota's en de wat er op de slides staat. Ik heb dit volledig geblokt en het handboek gebruikt als context. Daarmee kon ik het examen perfect invullen.
1.1 SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE: DEFINITIE EN VERWANTE DISCIPLINES....................................................................7
1.1.1 HOE VERSCHILT SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE VAN SOCIOLOGIE?..........................................................................7
1.1.2 HOE WORDEN WE BEÏNVLOED DOOR ANDEREN?.......................................................................................7
1.2 DE GESCHIEDENIS VAN DE SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE...................................................................................7
1.2.1 JAREN VAN BEVESTIGING (1936-1960).................................................................................................7
1.2.2 GROEI EN DEBAT (1960-1975)............................................................................................................7
1.2.3 METHODOLOGISCH EN INHOUDELIJK PLURALISME (1975-HEDEN)................................................................8
2.1 INLEIDING.....................................................................................................................................9
2.1.1 DOEL...............................................................................................................................................9
2.1.2 VERKEERDE INTERPRETATIES VAN ONDERZOEK IN DE MEDIA........................................................................9
2.1.3 VERKEERDE ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN......................................................................................................9
2.1.4 FRAUDE............................................................................................................................................9
2.2 ONDERZOEK IN DE SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE............................................................................................9
2.2.1 CYCLISCH ONDERZOEKSPROCES..............................................................................................................9
2.2.2 DE ONTWIKKELING VAN HYPOTHESEN...................................................................................................10
2.2.3 HET OPERATIONALISEREN VAN SOCIAALPSYCHOLOGISCHE VARIABELEN........................................................10
2.2.4 IDEEËN TESTEN: ONDERZOEKSPLANNEN.................................................................................................11
2.2.5 ETHIEK EN WAARDEN IN SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE......................................................................................14
4 HET SOCIALE ZELF.........................................................................................................................22
4.1 HET SOCIALE ZELF – EEN INLEIDING...................................................................................................22
4.1.1 DE OORSPRONG VAN HET SOCIALE ZELF................................................................................................22
4.1.2 ZELFSCHEMA’S.................................................................................................................................24
4.1.3 ZELFREGULATIE................................................................................................................................25
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,4.2 HET ZELFCONCEPT.........................................................................................................................26
4.2.1 INTROSPECTIE..................................................................................................................................27
4.2.2 ZELFPERCEPTIE.................................................................................................................................27
4.2.3 DE INVLOED VAN ANDEREN................................................................................................................29
4.2.4 IMPACT VAN GESLACHT, GENERATIE EN CULTUUR OP HET ZELFCONCEPT......................................................30
4.3 ZELFWAARDERING........................................................................................................................31
4.3.1 DE BEHOEFTE AAN ZELFWAARDERING...................................................................................................31
4.3.2 MECHANISMEN VAN ZELFVERHEERLIJKING.............................................................................................32
4.3.3 ZIJN POSITIEVE ILLUSIES ADAPTIEF?......................................................................................................33
4.4 ZELFPRESENTATIE.........................................................................................................................34
4.4.1 STRATEGISCHE ZELFPRESENTATIE..........................................................................................................34
4.4.2 ZELFVERIFICATIE...............................................................................................................................34
4.4.3 INDIVIDUELE VERSCHILLEN IN ZELFSTURING............................................................................................34
5.1 HET RUWE MATERIAAL VAN DE EERSTE INDRUK...................................................................................36
5.1.1 DE WAARNEMER..............................................................................................................................36
5.1.2 HET UITERLIJK..................................................................................................................................36
5.1.3 SITUATIES.......................................................................................................................................36
5.1.4 GEDRAG.........................................................................................................................................36
5.2 ATTRIBUTIE.................................................................................................................................38
5.2.1 ATTRIBUTIETHEORIEËN.......................................................................................................................38
5.2.2 THEORIE VAN CORRESPONDERENDE GEVOLGTREKKINGEN/INFERENTIE.........................................................39
5.2.3 KELLEY’S COVARIATIETHEORIE.............................................................................................................40
5.2.4 ATTRIBUTIEVERTEKENINGEN................................................................................................................42
5.3 INTEGRATIE: VAN DISPOSITIES TOT IMPRESSIES....................................................................................45
5.3.1 INFORMATIE-INTEGRATIETHEORIE........................................................................................................45
5.3.2 BASISBEVINDINGEN...........................................................................................................................45
5.4 CONFIRMATIEVERTEKENING: VAN IMPRESSIES NAAR DE REALITEIT............................................................46
5.4.1 PERSISTENTIE VAN OPVATTINGEN.........................................................................................................46
5.4.2 CONFIRMATIRISCHE HYPOTHESETOETSING..............................................................................................47
5.4.3 DE ZELFVERVULLENDE VOORSPELLING...................................................................................................47
7.1 ATTITUDES: BASISBEVINDINGEN.......................................................................................................63
7.1.1 DE DRIE COMPONENTEN VAN ATTITUDES...............................................................................................63
7.1.2 ATTITUDESTERKTE.............................................................................................................................65
7.1.3 EXPLICIETE EN IMPLICIETE ATTITUDES....................................................................................................66
7.1.4 HET VERBAND TUSSEN ATTITUDES EN GEDRAG........................................................................................66
7.2 OVERREDING DOOR COMMUNICATIE.................................................................................................67
7.2.1 TWEE WEGEN VOOR OVERREDING........................................................................................................67
7.2.2 DE BRON........................................................................................................................................68
7.2.3 DE BOODSCHAP................................................................................................................................70
7.2.4 HET PUBLIEK....................................................................................................................................70
7.3 OVERTUIGEN DOOR EIGEN GEDRAG...................................................................................................71
7.3.1 COGNITIEVE DISSONANTIETHEORIE.......................................................................................................71
7.3.2 TOEPASSINGEN VAN DISSONANTIETHEORIE............................................................................................72
7.3.3 RANDCONDITIES VAN DISSONANTIETHEORIE...........................................................................................73
7.3.4 ALTERNATIEVE WEGEN TOT ZELFOVERTUIGING........................................................................................73
8 ANDEREN HELPEN.........................................................................................................................75
8.1 WAAROM HELPEN WE?.................................................................................................................75
8.1.1 EVOLUTIONAIRE FACTOREN.................................................................................................................75
8.1.2 KOSTEN EN BATEN............................................................................................................................75
8.1.3 ALTRUÏSME OF EGOÏSME: HET GROTE DEBAT..........................................................................................75
8.1.4 MOTIEVEN OM TE HELPEN..................................................................................................................77
8.2 IN WELKE OMSTANDIGHEDEN HELPEN WE (NIET)?................................................................................77
8.2.1 HET OMSTANDEREFFECT / BYSTANDER EFFECT........................................................................................77
8.2.2 INVLOEDEN OP OMSTANDEREFFECT......................................................................................................79
8.3 WIE HELP ANDEREN?....................................................................................................................80
8.3.1 ZIJN SOMMIGE PERSONEN BEHULPZAMER DAN ANDEREN?........................................................................80
8.3.2 INVLOED VAN OUDERS EN FAMILIE.......................................................................................................81
8.3.3 ROLMODELLEN EN SOCIALE NORMEN....................................................................................................81
8.4 INTERPERSOONLIJKE FACTOREN: WIE HELPT WIE?.................................................................................83
8.4.1 WAARGENOMEN EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN DE PERSOON IN NOOD..................................................................83
9.1 WAT IS AGRESSIE?........................................................................................................................84
9.1.1 AGRESSIE - KERNELEMENTEN..............................................................................................................84
9.1.2 DE INVLOED VAN GEWELDMEDIA.........................................................................................................84
9.1.3 VERBORGEN GEWELD........................................................................................................................86
9.1.4 ARMOEDE EN AGRESSIE.....................................................................................................................88
10 DE SOCIAALPSYCHOLOGISCHE BASIS VAN GROEPEN..................................................................91
10.1 KENMERKEN VAN GROEPEN..........................................................................................................91
10.1.1 WAT ZIJN GROEPEN?......................................................................................................................91
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, 10.1.2 WAAROM VORMEN WE GROEPEN?....................................................................................................91
10.1.3 GROEPSGROOTTE...........................................................................................................................92
10.1.4 GROEPSTERRITORIUM......................................................................................................................93
10.2 GROEPSSTRUCTUUR....................................................................................................................93
10.2.1 NORMEN EN ROLLEN.......................................................................................................................93
10.2.2 DE AFFECTIEVE STRUCTUUR VAN EEN GROEP........................................................................................94
10.2.3 COMMUNICATIESTRUCTUUR.............................................................................................................95
10.2.4 GROEPSSAMENSTELLING EN DIVERSITEIT..............................................................................................95
10.3 MACHT EN LEIDERSCHAP: HIËRARCHISCHE RELATIES TUSSEN GROEPSLEDEN...............................................95
10.3.1 MACHT........................................................................................................................................95
10.3.2 KLASSIEKE LEIDERSCHAPSBENADERINGEN.............................................................................................96
TRAIT MODELLEN (GROTE FIGUREN THEORIE)..................................................................................................96
10.3.3 DYNAMISCHE MODELLEN VAN LEIDERSCHAP.........................................................................................96
10.3.4 BESLISSINGEN VAN DE LEIDER............................................................................................................98
10.4 DE AANWEZIGHEID VAN ANDERE GROEPEN.......................................................................................99
10.4.1 IMPACT OP GROEPSGEDRAG..............................................................................................................99
10.4.2 IMPACT OP LEIDERSCHAP..................................................................................................................99
10.4.3 CONFLICTESCALATIE........................................................................................................................99
11.1 INLEIDING...............................................................................................................................101
11.2 SPILLOVER EFFECTEN/TRANSFER EFFECTEN......................................................................................101
11.3 PSYCHOLOGISCHE AFSTAND.........................................................................................................102
11.4 EIGENBELANG OF REKENING HOUDEN MET ANDEREN?.......................................................................102
11.4.1 SOCIALE DILEMMA’S......................................................................................................................102
11.4.2 HET GEVANGENENDILEMMA...........................................................................................................102
11.4.3 MIDDELELNDILEMMA....................................................................................................................103
11.4.4 GEREDUCEERDE DILEMMA’S...........................................................................................................103
11.4.5 INDIVIDUELE VERSCHILLEN IN PROSOCIALE ORIËNTATIE EN VERTROUWEN.................................................104
11.4.6 SOCIALE DILEMMA’S OPLOSSEN.......................................................................................................105
11.5 ECOLOGISCH HANDELEN.............................................................................................................105
11.5.1 PSYCHISCHE BARRIÈRES..................................................................................................................105
11.5.2 GEDRAG AANPASSEN.....................................................................................................................105
12 DE POLITIEKE WERELD..............................................................................................................107
12.1 POLITIEKE KENNIS EN ATTITUDES..................................................................................................107
12.1.1 MEDIA EN AGENDASETTING...........................................................................................................107
12.1.2 DE ORGANISATIE VAN POLITIEKE ATTITUDES IN HET PUBLIEK..................................................................107
12.1.3 PARTIJ-IDENTIFICATIE.....................................................................................................................108
12.2 IDEOLOGISCHE ATTITUDES...........................................................................................................109
12.2.1 DE KLASSIEKE STUDIES...................................................................................................................109
12.2.2 LATERE PERSPECTIEVEN OP AUTORITARISME.......................................................................................109
12.2.3 SOCIALE DOMINANTIE ORIËNTATIE (SDO)........................................................................................111
12.2.4 EEN INTEGRATIEF MODEL...............................................................................................................111
12.2.5 SYSTEEMJUSTIFICATIE....................................................................................................................112
12.3 PERSOONLIJKHEIDSPROFIELEN VAN POLITICI....................................................................................112
12.3.1 PSYCHOBIOGRAFIEËN.....................................................................................................................112
12.3.2 DOMINANTEN EN EXTRAVERTEN......................................................................................................112
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