Summary PARTIAL 2 Introduction to Communication Science (ICS) notes
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Course
Introduction to Communication Science ICS
Institution
University Of Amsterdam
Book
A First Look at Communication Theory
Everything is well organized and all the theories are explained in a clear way, easy to memorize
IT ONLY COVERS FROM WEEK 8 ONWARDS. GOOD FOR PARTIAL 2 EXAM
Introduction to Communication Science [ICS] (Exam Summary)
Summary A First Look at Communication Theory, ISBN: 9781259913785 BCSC 200 - Communications Theory (BCSC200)
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ICS – INTRODUCTION TO COMMSCI
Week 8 – media and politics
1. ‘Mediation’ is conceived as the natural act of transmitting messages from
communicators to their target audience. Politics is considered mediated
whenever people experience it through mass media and not through their own
personal experience. It is a static concept.
2. ‘Mediatization’ is a term used to indicate a general process-oriented theory
which describes all parts of society and all the changes within it due to mass
communication media. This process describes to what degree people are
dependent on media for the conduct of their daily life because mass media have
become an extensive and central part of our symbolic environment. People react
in accordance with the lenses of prior schemata which are shaped by the
information received by mass media. In politics, the concept implies that our
knowledge about politicians is mainly derived from the media, that often create
“pseudo-environment” just to create a media event.
The media permeate all spheres of contemporary
societies and have become the most important source
of information about all matters beyond people’s
everyday experiences. As noted by Silverstone (2007,
p. 5), “The media are becoming environmental.” He
also notes, “We have become dependent on the media
for the conduct of everyday life.
Schulz identified (2004, pp. 88–90), at least four processes of social change
following from the media can be identified:
1. Extension – extend human communication across space and time
2. Substitution – media “partly or completely substitute social activities and social
institutions
3. Amalgamation – activities merge and mingle with non-media activities or
processes
4. Accommodation – as the media become increasingly important, different social
actors must adapt to and alter their behaviors to accommodate the media’s logic
and standards of newsworthiness
(5.) Creation – the media makes other social actors create events with the main or
sole purpose of being covered by the media. (pseudo-environment)
3. Mediatization of politics is perceived as a four-dimensional concept, which
determine altogether the degree to which politics is mediatized in a certain
setting.
- The first dimension says that people from society use media as the most relevant
source where to get information about in politics.
,- The second dimension treats media as if they were an institution, saying that the
media become more independent and critical compared to other social institutions.
- The third dimension also concerns about the content but says that media become
even more critical and media content is governed by either political or media logic.
- The fourth dimension is concerned with political actors and with how much they are
governed by political or media logic.
4. Media logic is the format (because it refers to the rules and codes for defining,
selecting, and presenting media content) on how media present and transmit
messages. The concept furthermore summarizes the centrality of media and the
attention paid to them by society. Media logic filters the way people
comprehend and interpret anything in their surrounding environment, so it
applies more to a general theory involving social affairs, that is mediatization.
Generally, media logic is the format on how media present information.
According to media logic, the various media formats, the production processes
and routines, and the media’s own need for compelling, attention-grabbing, and
dramatic stories shape how the media perceive, cover, and interpret social
affairs.
- Media identify with the public
- Public addressed as consumer (wishes and desires from the public are more
important due to competition and commercialization)
- Role journalism is dominate, entertaining, cynical
- Kind of reporting is interpretative, less substantive (popular culture)
- Journalistic metaphor is Cerberus
- Agenda set by the media
-
, 5. Political logic: crucial for understanding how mediatization shapes and reshapes
politics. = what is important for people to know as interpreted mainly by political
actors and institutions, takes precedence.
Politics is about collective and authoritative decision making as well as the
implementation of political decisions.
It is also about programs aimed at solving societal problems that require political
decisions. Politics = about power and policies.
6. Political logic: 6 dimensions.
• A power allocation dimension: the efforts to, and processes of, distributing
and allocating political power through elections or appointments.
• A partisan dimension: the efforts to win partisan advantages, mainly although
not exclusively through elections.
• A policy dimension: the efforts to, and processes of, defining problems that
require political solutions, and of finding solutions for politically defined
problems.
• A deliberation dimension: the efforts to, and processes of, deliberating,
building consensus, or compromising between different policy proposals, and of
making authoritative decisions.
• An implementation dimension: the efforts to, and processes of, implementing
political decisions.
• An accountability dimension: the efforts to, and processes of, monitoring
political decision making and implementation, and holding those responsible
accountable for their conduct.
7. Is news always about an event? Sometimes we report about a trend.
Interpretation of the news from the journalist is always there - subjective
Visuals can have strong impact- images. Entertainment = likely topic to be
portrayed in the news. Not only bad news, also good news. Newspaper agenda=
type of news organization can affect choice of news
News values (Galtung & Ruge, 1965)
1. Frequency – an event that unfold conveniently within the production cycle of
news outliers.
2. Threshold – events must pass a threshold before being recorded at all, the
more causalities the better
3. Unambiguity – the easier it is to understand the event, the more likely it is to
be selected as news
4. Meaningfulness – when an event is culturally relevant, and it fits into the
news’ selection frame
5. Consonance – the journalists have a pre-image, some expectations, about
the events, which are probably going to become news because of that
(subjectivity)
6. Unexpectedness – the most unexpected or rare events are, the better
7. Continuity – once an event has made the headlines it is more likely to remain
in the media spotlight
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