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Samenvatting basiskennis aardrijkskunde, inclusief plaatjes
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Samenvatting voor de basiskennis aardrijkskunde in het 3e jaar van de pabo.
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BASISKENNIS AARDRIJKSUNDEInhoudsopgave
1. Kaart en Atlas.................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. Wat is aardrijskunde?.................................................................................................................. 6
Aardrijkskunde of geografie............................................................................................................ 6
KNAG.............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2. Geogragische leren kijken........................................................................................................... 6
Actueel wereldbeeld........................................................................................................................ 6
Multiperspectiviteit: natuurlijke of menselijke factoren....................................................................6
1.4 atlas.............................................................................................................................................. 7
Soorten kaarten.............................................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Plaats bepaling op aarde.............................................................................................................. 7
Geogragische breedte.................................................................................................................... 7
Geogragische lengte....................................................................................................................... 7
2. Weer en klimaat................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1. Planeet aarde.............................................................................................................................. 8
Zonnestelsel................................................................................................................................... 8
Opbouw van de atmosfeer.............................................................................................................. 8
Klimaat............................................................................................................................................ 8
2.2. Temperatuurfactoren................................................................................................................... 8
Breedteligging................................................................................................................................. 8
Hoogteligging.................................................................................................................................. 9
De ligging ten opzichte van de zee.................................................................................................9
De aanvoer van koude of warmte van elders................................................................................10
Ligging van gebergten.................................................................................................................. 10
2.3. Neerslag.................................................................................................................................... 10
Kringloop van het water................................................................................................................ 10
Neerslagvormen........................................................................................................................... 11
Neerslagtypen............................................................................................................................... 12
Wolken.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Moesson....................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4. Luchtbewegingen...................................................................................................................... 13
Wind.............................................................................................................................................. 13
Het grote windsysteem................................................................................................................. 13
Orkaan.......................................................................................................................................... 14
Tornado........................................................................................................................................ 14
2.5. Plantengroei en klimaten........................................................................................................... 14
Tropisch regenwoudklimaat.......................................................................................................... 15
Savanneklimaat............................................................................................................................ 15
Steppeklimaat............................................................................................................................... 15
Woestijnklimaat............................................................................................................................. 16
Gematigd klimaat: Middellandse zeeklimaat.................................................................................16
Gematigd klimaat: zeeklimaat....................................................................................................... 16
Landklimaat.................................................................................................................................. 16
Poolklimaat................................................................................................................................... 17
, 2.6. Klimaatverandering.................................................................................................................... 17
Klimaten vroeger........................................................................................................................... 17
De huidige klimaatverandering..................................................................................................... 18
Broeikaseffect en het versterkt broeikaseffect..............................................................................18
3. Landschappen in Nederland.......................................................................................................... 19
3.1. Zandlandschap.......................................................................................................................... 19
Ontstaan zandlandschap.............................................................................................................. 19
Bewoning zandlandschap............................................................................................................. 19
Landinrichting............................................................................................................................... 20
3.2. Lösslandschap........................................................................................................................... 20
Ontstaan lösslandschap................................................................................................................ 20
Bewoning lösslandschap.............................................................................................................. 20
Sint-Pietersberg............................................................................................................................ 20
3.3. Veenlandschap.......................................................................................................................... 21
Ontstaan....................................................................................................................................... 21
Bewoning veenlandschap............................................................................................................. 21
Turf baggeren of steken................................................................................................................ 21
3.4. Zeekleilandschap....................................................................................................................... 22
Ontstaan zeekleilandschap........................................................................................................... 22
Bewoning zeekleilandschap.......................................................................................................... 22
De Beemster................................................................................................................................. 23
3.5. Duinlandschap........................................................................................................................... 23
Ontstaan duinlandschap............................................................................................................... 23
Bewoning duinlandschap.............................................................................................................. 23
Drinkwaterwinning......................................................................................................................... 24
3.6. Rivierkleilandschap.................................................................................................................... 24
Ontstaan rivierkleilandschap......................................................................................................... 24
Bewoning rivierkleilandschap........................................................................................................ 25
4. Nederland en het water.................................................................................................................. 26
4.1. Hoog en laag land..................................................................................................................... 26
Neder-land.................................................................................................................................... 26
Wonen op hoogte.......................................................................................................................... 26
Het poldersysteem........................................................................................................................ 26
Soorten polders............................................................................................................................ 27
4.2. Zuiderzeewerken....................................................................................................................... 27
De Zuiderzee................................................................................................................................ 28
Watersnoodramp 1916................................................................................................................. 28
Afsluitdijk....................................................................................................................................... 28
Inpoldering.................................................................................................................................... 28
Schaalvergroting........................................................................................................................... 28
4.3. Deltawerken............................................................................................................................. 29
Watersnoodramp 1953................................................................................................................. 29
Deltaplan....................................................................................................................................... 30
Oosterscheldekering..................................................................................................................... 30
Europoortkering: Maeslantkering en Hartelkering.........................................................................30
4.4. Ruimte voor de rivier................................................................................................................. 31
Rivierwater.................................................................................................................................... 31
Hoogwater in 1993 en 1995.......................................................................................................... 31
Deltaplan Grote Rivieren............................................................................................................... 31
Ruimte voor de rivier..................................................................................................................... 31
Deltaprogramma........................................................................................................................... 31
, 4.5. Kustverdediging......................................................................................................................... 32
De kust.......................................................................................................................................... 32
Getijde.......................................................................................................................................... 32
Kustbeleid en dynamisch kustbeheer........................................................................................... 32
Zwakke schakels.......................................................................................................................... 33
4.6. Waterproblemen wereldwijd...................................................................................................... 33
Te veel water................................................................................................................................ 33
Te weinig water............................................................................................................................. 33
Vervuild water............................................................................................................................... 34
Toekomstig mondiaal waterbeleid................................................................................................ 34
5. Actieve aarde.................................................................................................................................. 35
5.1. Endogene en exogene krachten................................................................................................ 35
De aarde....................................................................................................................................... 35
Platentektoniek............................................................................................................................. 35
5.2. Plaatbewegingen....................................................................................................................... 36
Divergentie.................................................................................................................................... 36
Convergentie................................................................................................................................ 36
Transversale bewegingen............................................................................................................. 37
5.3. Vulkanisme................................................................................................................................ 38
Vulkanen....................................................................................................................................... 38
Vulkanische verschijnselen........................................................................................................... 39
5.4 De aarde beeft............................................................................................................................ 39
Aardbevingen................................................................................................................................ 39
Tsunami........................................................................................................................................ 40
5.4. Bergen....................................................................................................................................... 40
Reliëf............................................................................................................................................. 41
Vegetatiezones op een berg......................................................................................................... 41
Gletsjers........................................................................................................................................ 42
5.5. Kringloop van het gesteente...................................................................................................... 42
Gesteente..................................................................................................................................... 42
Stollingsgesteente......................................................................................................................... 42
Sedimentatiegesteente................................................................................................................. 43
Metamorf gesteente...................................................................................................................... 43
Verwering...................................................................................................................................... 43
Erosie en sedimentatie................................................................................................................. 44
6. Bevolking en ruimtelijke inrichting............................................................................................... 45
6.1. Bevolkingsaantallen................................................................................................................... 45
Demografie................................................................................................................................... 45
Geboorte en sterfte....................................................................................................................... 45
Emigratie en immigratie................................................................................................................ 45
Demogragische transitie............................................................................................................... 46
6.2. Leeftijdsopbouw van de bevolking.............................................................................................46
Bevolkingsopbouw........................................................................................................................ 46
Demografische druk...................................................................................................................... 46
6.3. Buitenlandse migratie................................................................................................................ 46
Push- en pullfactoren.................................................................................................................... 47
Allochtoon en autochtoon............................................................................................................. 47
6.4. Binnenlandse migratie............................................................................................................... 47
Urbanisatie.................................................................................................................................... 47
Wederopbouw en woningnood..................................................................................................... 48
, Suburbanisatie.............................................................................................................................. 48
Groeikernen.................................................................................................................................. 48
Compactestadbeleid..................................................................................................................... 49
6.5. Stad en platteland...................................................................................................................... 49
Stad en dorp................................................................................................................................. 49
De stad groeit............................................................................................................................... 49
Van sanering naar grotestedenbeleid........................................................................................... 50
6.6. ruimtelijk beleid tot 2028............................................................................................................ 50
De rol van de rijksoverheid in het ruimtelijk beleid........................................................................50
De EHS: investeren in de kwaliteit van de natuur.........................................................................50
De rol van provincies en gemeenten in het ruimtelijk beleid.........................................................51
7. Grenzen en identiteit...................................................................................................................... 52
7.1. Soorten grenzen........................................................................................................................ 52
Natuurlijke en politieke grenzen.................................................................................................... 52
Gemeente..................................................................................................................................... 52
Provincie....................................................................................................................................... 53
Het Rijk......................................................................................................................................... 53
Koninkrijk der Nederlanden........................................................................................................... 54
Waterschap................................................................................................................................... 54
7.2. De Europese Unie..................................................................................................................... 54
Van EGKS via EEG naar EG........................................................................................................ 54
De Europese Unie......................................................................................................................... 55
Uitbreiding van de EU................................................................................................................... 55
7.3. Bestuur in de Europese Unie..................................................................................................... 55
De Europese Raad....................................................................................................................... 55
Raad van de EU........................................................................................................................... 56
Europees Parlement..................................................................................................................... 56
Europese Commissie.................................................................................................................... 56
Het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen.............................................................56
De Europese Centrale Bank......................................................................................................... 56
7.4. De EU in de wereld.................................................................................................................... 57
buitenlands beleid en veiligheidsbeleid......................................................................................... 57
Wereldhandel................................................................................................................................ 57
Ontwikkelingshulp......................................................................................................................... 57
Humantiaire hulp........................................................................................................................... 57
7.5. Identiteit en conflicten................................................................................................................ 57
identiteit........................................................................................................................................ 57
Cultuur verbindt mensen............................................................................................................... 57
Grensconflicten............................................................................................................................. 58
7.6. Wereldgodsdiensten.................................................................................................................. 58
8. Bestaansmiddelen.......................................................................................................................... 60
8.1. Economische systemen............................................................................................................. 60
Kapitalisme................................................................................................................................... 60
Angelsaksische en Rijnlandse model............................................................................................ 60
Socialisme en communisme......................................................................................................... 60
Beroepsbevolking......................................................................................................................... 60
8.2. Primaire sector.......................................................................................................................... 60
Akkerbouw.................................................................................................................................... 61
Veeteelt......................................................................................................................................... 61
Tuinbouw...................................................................................................................................... 61
Bosbouw....................................................................................................................................... 62
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