Dit is een samenvatting voor het vak Media-effecten (B-KUL-S0B02D) van professor S. Eggermont en is gebaseerd op de lessen en de slides. Deze samenvatting bevat alle belangrijke inhoud uit de lessen en de cursus om zonder problemen te slagen op het examen.
Inhoud
Introductie..............................................................................................................................................6
Wat zijn media-effecten?...................................................................................................................6
Wat is het doel van wetenschap?.......................................................................................................6
Hoe worden de doelen van wetenschap bereikt?..............................................................................6
Wat is de toekomst van media-effecten onderzoek?.........................................................................6
Wat zijn de uitdagingen voor media-effecten?...................................................................................6
1. Agendasetting.....................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Historische context.......................................................................................................................7
1.2 Verschillende studies rond agendasetting....................................................................................7
1.3 Acapulco Typology........................................................................................................................8
1.4 Niveau twee: kenmerken..............................................................................................................9
1.5 NFO (Need for orientation)...........................................................................................................9
1.6 Consequenties..............................................................................................................................9
2. Framing theory.................................................................................................................................10
2.1 Framing.......................................................................................................................................10
2 voorbeelden:.............................................................................................................................10
2.2 Disciplinaire oorsprong...............................................................................................................10
Sociologie.....................................................................................................................................10
Psychologie...................................................................................................................................11
2.3 Verwante, maar andere processen.............................................................................................11
2.4 Framing als afhankelijke variabele..............................................................................................12
Frame building..............................................................................................................................12
Frame setting................................................................................................................................13
2.5 Belangrijk....................................................................................................................................13
2.6 Problemen..................................................................................................................................13
3. Cultivation theory.............................................................................................................................14
3.1 Culturele indicatoren..................................................................................................................14
3.2 Cultivatie hypothese...................................................................................................................14
3.3 Coherent, niet-selectief, lange-termijn.......................................................................................15
Wat is cultivatie NIET....................................................................................................................15
3.4 Methodologie van cultivatie-onderzoek.....................................................................................15
3.5 Bevindingen van cultivatie-onderzoek........................................................................................16
3.6 Cognitieve processen..................................................................................................................16
3.7 Mainstreaming............................................................................................................................16
Media-effecten
, 3.8 Internationaal recent onderzoek................................................................................................17
3.9 Eerste en tweede orde...............................................................................................................17
4. Shrum’s media en sociale cognitie....................................................................................................17
4.1 Sociale cognitie...........................................................................................................................17
2 principes....................................................................................................................................17
4.2 Wat bepaalt dat informatie toegankelijker is? (NOG NAKIJKEN)................................................18
4.3 Wat zijn de precieze gevolgen van toegankelijkheid?................................................................18
4.5 Toepassing op cultivatie.............................................................................................................19
Stellingen......................................................................................................................................19
4.6 Verklaring voor kleine effectgroottes.........................................................................................22
4.7 Is dit ook het geval voor 2e orde.................................................................................................22
4.8 2e orde cultivatie als online persuasion?.....................................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 5: Priming............................................................................................................................23
5.1 Twee centrale domeinen............................................................................................................23
5.1.1 Geweld.................................................................................................................................23
5.1.2 Nieuws en politiek...............................................................................................................23
5.1.3 Derde domein: stereotypen.................................................................................................23
5.2 Modellen die priming uitleggen..................................................................................................24
5.2.1 Een priming effect is een functie van:..................................................................................24
5.2.2 Politieke media-effecten......................................................................................................24
5.2.3 Geweld.................................................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 6: Bandura’s Social cognitive theory...................................................................................27
6.1 Centrale uitgangspunten............................................................................................................27
6.2 Symbolizing capabilty.................................................................................................................28
6.2.1 Gevolgen van symbolizing capability...................................................................................28
6.3 Relevante mechanismen voor observational learning................................................................29
6.3.1 Abstract modeling................................................................................................................29
6.4 Motivational effects....................................................................................................................29
6.5 Waar kan observational learning over gaan?..............................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 7: Third-person effect..........................................................................................................31
7.1 Waarover gaat het?....................................................................................................................31
7.2 Onderzoek..................................................................................................................................31
7.3 Bestaat dit effect echt?...............................................................................................................31
7.4 Hoe kunnen we het effect verklaren?.........................................................................................31
7.5 Treed dit effect altijd op of is het conditioneel?.........................................................................32
7.5.1 Wie zijn die anderen dan?...................................................................................................32
Media-effecten
, 7.6 Komt het bij iedereen voor?.......................................................................................................32
Hoofdstuk 8: Media en geweld.............................................................................................................33
8.1 Indrukwekkende evidentie.........................................................................................................33
Kritiek...........................................................................................................................................33
8.2 Evidentie.....................................................................................................................................34
Experimenteel onderzoek.............................................................................................................34
Surveys.........................................................................................................................................35
Meta-analyses..............................................................................................................................35
8.3 Verklaringen...............................................................................................................................35
Hoofdstuk 9: Media en angst................................................................................................................36
9.1 Empirische aanwijzingen............................................................................................................36
9.1.1 Huidige kennis.....................................................................................................................36
9.1.2 Studies en literatuur............................................................................................................36
9.2 Stimulus generalization...............................................................................................................37
9.2.1 Waarom angstig voor wat niet echt bedreigend is?............................................................37
9.2.2 Gelijkenis tussen echte en gemedieerde stimulus...............................................................37
9.2.3 Wat veroorzaakt angst?.......................................................................................................37
9.3 Ontwikkelingsrelevante verschillen............................................................................................38
9.3.1 Ontwikkeling en angst.........................................................................................................38
9.3.2 Ontwikkeling en omgaan met angst....................................................................................38
9.4 Genderverschillen.......................................................................................................................38
9.4.1 Genderverschillen in angst..................................................................................................38
9.4.2 Genderverschillen in omgaan met angst.............................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 10: Media en lichaamsbeeld...............................................................................................40
10.1 Prevalentie ‘negatief’ lichaamsbeeld........................................................................................40
10.2 Het ideale lichaam in de media.................................................................................................40
10.2.1 Het vrouwelijk ideal...........................................................................................................40
10.2.2 Mannelijk ideal..................................................................................................................40
10.2.3 Het “openly disordered” ideal...........................................................................................40
10.3 Theoretische modellen.............................................................................................................41
10.3.1 Socio-cognitieve modellen.................................................................................................41
10.3.1 Cognitief-affectieve modellen............................................................................................41
10.4 Empirische evidentie................................................................................................................42
10.5 Belangrijke moderatoren..........................................................................................................42
10.5.1 Kenmerken media..............................................................................................................42
10.5.2 Kenmerken kijker...............................................................................................................42
Media-effecten
, 10.6 Media en positief lichaamsbeeld..............................................................................................43
10.7 Milderende factoren.................................................................................................................43
10.7.1 Inhoud................................................................................................................................43
10.7.2 Media activisme.................................................................................................................43
10.7.3 Media literacy....................................................................................................................43
10.8 Conclusie..................................................................................................................................44
10.8.1 Media en positief lichaamsbeeld: conclusie......................................................................44
10.8.2 Volgende stappen in dit onderzoek...................................................................................44
Hoofdstuk 11: Seksuele media-effecten...............................................................................................45
11.1 Onderwerp doorheen de tijd....................................................................................................45
11.1.1 Rechtstreekse relatie.........................................................................................................45
11.1.2 Longitudinale studies – gaat het in 1 richting of in beide richtingen.................................45
11.1.3 Hoe kunnen we dit verklaren?...........................................................................................45
11.1.4 Verschillende theorieën kunnen we hierop toepassen......................................................45
11.1.5 Why do they select it?.......................................................................................................46
11.2 Media waaraan wordt blootgesteld..........................................................................................46
11.2.1 Seksuele metanarrative.....................................................................................................46
11.3 Onwaarschijnlijk?......................................................................................................................47
Tussenles: oefeningen leerstof.............................................................................................................48
Oefening 1: Zoek een voorbeeld van agendasetting en mainstreaming...........................................48
Agendasetting (niveau 2)..............................................................................................................48
Mainstreaming.............................................................................................................................48
Oefening 2: Schrijf een antwoord uit................................................................................................48
Oefening 3: Bepaal een standpunt...................................................................................................49
Tussenles 2: Jongeren en sociale media – vind ik (niet zo) leuk...........................................................50
Terug in de tijd..................................................................................................................................50
Na een tijdje:....................................................................................................................................50
Context met sociale media...............................................................................................................50
Eerste kijk op SoMe......................................................................................................................50
Tweede.........................................................................................................................................50
Depressieve symptomen bij adolescenten.......................................................................................51
Studie:..............................................................................................................................................51
Hypothesen:.................................................................................................................................51
Hyperpersonal model of computer mediated communication (HMOCMC).................................51
Affordances approach...................................................................................................................51
Het model.........................................................................................................................................52
Media-effecten
, Resultaten........................................................................................................................................52
Conclusies.........................................................................................................................................52
Hoofdstuk 12: Individuele verschillen...................................................................................................53
12.1 Als behoeften............................................................................................................................53
12.2 Als ‘readiness to respond’........................................................................................................53
12.3 Als vaste kenmerken (traits).....................................................................................................54
12.4 Media als expressie van individuele verschillen.......................................................................54
12.5 Selectieve blootstelling en selectieve perceptie.......................................................................54
BLOOTSTELLING............................................................................................................................54
PERCEPTIE.....................................................................................................................................54
12.6 Effecten.....................................................................................................................................55
Als moderatoren!!........................................................................................................................55
Als afhankelijke variabelen...........................................................................................................55
The four propositions of the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model (DSMM)................55
Media-effecten
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