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Samenvatting psychologie verpleegkunde
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PsychologieInleiding..................................................................................................................................................8
Psychologie in haar wortels................................................................................................................9
Psychologie.....................................................................................................................................9
Historiek.........................................................................................................................................9
Griekse filosofen:....................................................................................................................................9
Middeleeuwen: rooms-Katholieke kerk:................................................................................................9
17de eeuw: René Descartes:..................................................................................................................9
Midden 19de eeuw.................................................................................................................................9
Domeinen...........................................................................................................................................9
Toegepaste psychologie:................................................................................................................9
Theoretische of exirimenterende psychologie...............................................................................9
Psychologie........................................................................................................................................9
Voorwetenschappelijk....................................................................................................................9
Wetenschappelijk...........................................................................................................................9
Soorten onderzoek.............................................................................................................................9
Experiment.....................................................................................................................................9
Correlatie onderzoek....................................................................................................................10
Survey...........................................................................................................................................10
Natuurlijke observatie..................................................................................................................10
Vervalstudie..................................................................................................................................10
BIAS..................................................................................................................................................10
Oplossingen..................................................................................................................................10
Blind.....................................................................................................................................................10
Dubbelblind..........................................................................................................................................10
Kunst van luisteren volgens patiënten..................................................................................................10
Wie heeft het en wie niet.................................................................................................................10
Luisteren...........................................................................................................................................11
Kracht van emancipatie........................................................................................................................11
Soorten behoeften............................................................................................................................11
Cognitieve informatie behoefte....................................................................................................11
Affectieve informatiebehoefte.....................................................................................................11
Empathie: definitie van Brene Brown...............................................................................................11
Onderzoek........................................................................................................................................11
4 kenmerken van empathie..............................................................................................................12
, De wereld kunnen zien zoals anderen die zien.............................................................................12
Perspectie afname................................................................................................................................12
Brilmetafoor.........................................................................................................................................12
Overidentificatie...................................................................................................................................12
Geen identificatie.................................................................................................................................12
--> je moet:...........................................................................................................................................12
Niet oordelend zijn.......................................................................................................................12
Gevoelens van de ander te begrijpen...........................................................................................12
Kenbaar maken dat je de gevoelens van anderen begrijpt...........................................................12
Compensatie.....................................................................................................................................12
Sympathie VS empathie....................................................................................................................12
Sympathie.....................................................................................................................................13
------> sympathie zoeken: (grondslag)...................................................................................................13
Empathie......................................................................................................................................13
Vertoeven.........................................................................................................................................13
Het maken van verbinding................................................................................................................13
Motivatie als gids bij gedrag en mentale processen.............................................................................13
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................13
Psychologen proberen gedragingen en mentale processen:........................................................13
Beschrijven...................................................................................................................................13
Verklaren......................................................................................................................................13
Motivatie:....................................................................................................................................13
Begripsomschrijving..........................................................................................................................14
Motivatie......................................................................................................................................14
Motivatiepsychologie...................................................................................................................14
Doelgericht gedrag...........................................................................................................................14
Soorten.........................................................................................................................................14
Vermijden.............................................................................................................................................14
Bereiken...............................................................................................................................................14
Motivatieconflicten: Miller...............................................................................................................14
Motivatietheorieën...........................................................................................................................14
Biologische invalshoek..................................................................................................................14
Intensiteitstheorieën............................................................................................................................14
Drifttheorieën.......................................................................................................................................14
Psychologische invalshoek............................................................................................................15
Cognitieve theorie................................................................................................................................15
,Behoefteleer: Maslow..........................................................................................................................15
groepsdynamica= leven in groep..........................................................................................................16
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................16
Wat is een groep...............................................................................................................................16
Doel..............................................................................................................................................16
Interdependentie..........................................................................................................................16
Interactie......................................................................................................................................16
Perceptie van groepslidmaatschap...............................................................................................16
Gestructureerde relaties...............................................................................................................17
Wederzijdse beïnvloeding............................................................................................................17
Motivatie......................................................................................................................................17
Groepsstructuur...............................................................................................................................17
Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................17
Interactiepatroon.........................................................................................................................17
Rol........................................................................................................................................................17
Norm....................................................................................................................................................17
Beïnvloeding van functioneren door aanwezigheid van anderen.....................................................18
Functies van groepen....................................................................................................................18
Sociale facilitatie/interferentie.....................................................................................................18
Sociaal lanterfanten......................................................................................................................18
Sociale facilitatie en social loafing................................................................................................19
Besluitvorming in groepen................................................................................................................19
Groepsdenken..............................................................................................................................19
Groepspolarisatie.........................................................................................................................19
Leiderschap......................................................................................................................................19
Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................19
Functies................................................................................................................................................19
.............................................................................................................................................20
Situatie..........................................................................................................................................20
Kenmerken groepsleden.......................................................................................................................20
Taakvolwassenheid/ontwikkeling: 4 niveaus........................................................................................20
Transformationeel leiderschap.....................................................................................................21
Stimulatie -----> sensatie...................................................................................................................21
Waarneming.................................................................................................................................21
Stimulatie......................................................................................................................................21
Sensorische adaptatie= habituatie...............................................................................................22
, Differentiële drempel...................................................................................................................22
Signaal detectietheorie.................................................................................................................22
Gelijkenissen en verschillen van zintuigen........................................................................................22
Relatie tussen perceptie en sensatie................................................................................................22
Van sensatie naar perceptie.........................................................................................................22
Taak perceptie......................................................................................................................................23
Percept.................................................................................................................................................23
Perceptuele verwerking........................................................................................................................23
Wat- en waar- route in de hersenen.............................................................................................23
Systeem van perceptuele verwerking...........................................................................................23
Kenmerkdetectoren.............................................................................................................................23
Bottom-op verwerking..........................................................................................................................23
Top-down verwerking...........................................................................................................................23
Perceptuele constantie.........................................................................................................................23
Perceptuele blindheid..........................................................................................................................23
Veranderingsblindheid.........................................................................................................................24
Selectieve aandacht..............................................................................................................................24
Perceptuele ambiguïteit en vervorming...............................................................................................24
Illusies...........................................................................................................................................24
Treedt op..............................................................................................................................................24
Ilusies begrijpen....................................................................................................................................24
Dambordillusie.....................................................................................................................................24
Theoretische verklaring........................................................................................................................24
Leren doorervaring...............................................................................................................................24
Belangrijke beïnvloedende factoren.............................................................................................25
Context en verwachtingen....................................................................................................................25
Perceptuele predispositie.....................................................................................................................25
Culture invloeden op perceptie....................................................................................................25
Gestaltbenadering........................................................................................................................26
Organisatie van prikkels................................................................................................................26
Figuur en grond............................................................................................................................26
Gestaltpsychologie.......................................................................................................................26
Het geheugen.......................................................................................................................................27
Herinneringen terug halen...............................................................................................................27
Impliciete en expliciete herinneringen.........................................................................................27
Herinneringscues..........................................................................................................................27
, Geheugenproces...........................................................................................................................27
Ophalen en herkenning................................................................................................................27
Het geheugen laat ons in de steek....................................................................................................27
Vluchtigheid..................................................................................................................................27
Verstrooidheid..............................................................................................................................28
Blokkades......................................................................................................................................28
Foutieve attributie........................................................................................................................28
Suggestibiliteit..............................................................................................................................28
Bias...............................................................................................................................................28
Persistentie...................................................................................................................................29
Voordelen van de 7 zonden..........................................................................................................29
Psychologie gebruiken om psychologie te leren...........................................................................29
Studeren om vluchtigheid te voorkomen.....................................................................................29
Studeren om blokkades tijdens het examen te voorkomen.........................................................29
Bewustzijn............................................................................................................................................29
Bewustzijn en geestelijke processen................................................................................................29
Het bewustzijn..............................................................................................................................29
Modellen......................................................................................................................................30
Bewust niveau......................................................................................................................................30
Voorbewuste/onderbewust niveau......................................................................................................30
onbewuste niveau...............................................................................................................................30
Functie..........................................................................................................................................30
Cyclus normale bewustzijn...............................................................................................................30
Dagdromen...................................................................................................................................31
Slaap.....................................................................................................................................................31
Begrip= fenomenologie....................................................................................................................31
Slaap=...........................................................................................................................................31
Functie..............................................................................................................................................31
Proces...............................................................................................................................................31
Stadium 1......................................................................................................................................31
Stadium 2......................................................................................................................................32
Stadium 3 en 4..............................................................................................................................32
Rem-slaap= droomslaap...............................................................................................................32
Hypnogram...................................................................................................................................32
Slaapcyclus....................................................................................................................................32
Slaap- waakregulatie....................................................................................................................33
,Basismodel van Borbély........................................................................................................................33
Flip-flopsysteem...................................................................................................................................34
Effecten van slaapdeprivatie................................................................................................................34
Slaap en leeftijd............................................................................................................................34
Biologische klok............................................................................................................................35
Slaaptekort...................................................................................................................................35
Slaapstoornissen...........................................................................................................................35
Insomnia (slapeloosheid):.....................................................................................................................35
Stoornissen in slaap-waakritme............................................................................................................35
Parasomnia:..........................................................................................................................................36
Non-benzodiazepines...........................................................................................................................36
Antidepressiva......................................................................................................................................36
Cyclus van afhankelijkheid....................................................................................................................37
Niet-medicamenteuze aanpak..............................................................................................................37
Dromen.........................................................................................................................................38
sociale psychologie...............................................................................................................................38
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................38
Situationisme................................................................................................................................39
De macht van de situatie..................................................................................................................39
Responsen worden beïnvloed door..............................................................................................39
Sociale rollen........................................................................................................................................39
Sociale norm.........................................................................................................................................39
Schema's...............................................................................................................................................39
Scripts...................................................................................................................................................40
Conformisme................................................................................................................................40
Asch-studies..................................................................................................................................40
Omstandigheden die conformisme bevorderen...................................................................................40
Gehoorzaamheid..........................................................................................................................41
We gaan sneller gehoorzamen als:.......................................................................................................41
Macht van de situatie...................................................................................................................41
Omstaanderseffect...............................................................................................................................41
Het probleem van de omstaander................................................................................................41
Leren.....................................................................................................................................................42
Klassieke conditionering...................................................................................................................43
Verwerving...................................................................................................................................43
Uitdoving......................................................................................................................................43
, Spontaan herstel...........................................................................................................................43
Andere mechanismen...........................................................................................................................43
Toepassing....................................................................................................................................44
Operante conditionering..................................................................................................................44
Leerwetten...................................................................................................................................44
Sd . R -> Sr.............................................................................................................................................44
3 positieve gevolgen.............................................................................................................................44
3 negatieve gevolgen............................................................................................................................44
4 soorten consequenties......................................................................................................................45
Stimulus toedienen (positief)................................................................................................45
Stimulus verwijderen (negatief)............................................................................................45
Bekrachtigen.................................................................................................................................45
Primaire en secundaire bekrachtigers..................................................................................................45
Gradiënten van bekrachtiging:te maken met bekrachtigingcontingentie............................................45
Probleem van straf.......................................................................................................................45
Negatieve bekrachtiging VS straf..................................................................................................45
Negatieve bekrachtiging.......................................................................................................................45
Straf......................................................................................................................................................45
Effectiviteit van straf.....................................................................................................................46
Niet effectief.........................................................................................................................................46
Effectief als:..........................................................................................................................................46
Oefeningen...................................................................................................................................46
Oefening 1............................................................................................................................................46
Oefening 2............................................................................................................................................46
Leren en cognitieve psychologie.......................................................................................................48
Inzichtelijk leren...........................................................................................................................48
Cognitieve kaart............................................................................................................................48
Sociaal leren.................................................................................................................................48
Zelfmanagement..................................................................................................................................48
5 G model.........................................................................................................................................48
Psychisch lijden.....................................................................................................................................48
Psychische stoornis...........................................................................................................................48
Ernstige psychopathologie............................................................................................................48
Hallucinaties.........................................................................................................................................48
Wanen..................................................................................................................................................48
Extreme affectieve verstoringen...........................................................................................................49
, medisch model.............................................................................................................................49
Psychologische modellen..............................................................................................................49
Biologisch perspectief...........................................................................................................................49
Behavioristisch perspectief (gedragspsychologie)................................................................................50
Cognitieve perspectief..........................................................................................................................50
Sociaal perspectief:...............................................................................................................................50
Ontwikkelingsperspectief.....................................................................................................................50
Indicatoren van psychische stoornissen.......................................................................................50
Distress (lijden).....................................................................................................................................50
Onaangepastheid.................................................................................................................................50
Irrationaliteit........................................................................................................................................51
Onvoorspelbaarheid.............................................................................................................................51
Onconventioneel en ongewenst gedrag...............................................................................................51
Classificatie stoornissen....................................................................................................................51
Er is sprake van:............................................................................................................................51
DSM-V...........................................................................................................................................52
Groepen............................................................................................................................................52
Stemmingsstoornissen.....................................................................................................................52
depressie..............................................................................................................................................52
Bipolaire stoornis..................................................................................................................................54
Angststoornissen..............................................................................................................................54
Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis (GAS).................................................................................................54
Paniekstoornis......................................................................................................................................54
Agorafobie............................................................................................................................................55
Fobieën.................................................................................................................................................55
Obsessief compulsieve stoornis (OCD).................................................................................................55
Schizofrenie......................................................................................................................................57
Symptomen..........................................................................................................................................57
Ontstaan...............................................................................................................................................58
Ontwikkelingsstoornissen.................................................................................................................58
Autisme................................................................................................................................................58
Psychologie
Inleiding
,Psychologie in haar wortels
Psychologie
= de wetenschap van gedrag en de psychische processen van een individu
Historiek
Griekse filosofen:
Hadden al een groot beeld over de werking van de hersenen.
Wisten dat emoties het denken beïnvloed
Middeleeuwen: rooms-Katholieke kerk:
Er mocht niets meer gefilosofeerd of onderzocht worden
17de eeuw: René Descartes:
Lichaam en geest zijn gescheiden
Midden 19de eeuw
Psychologie is een afzonderlijke wetenschappelijke discipline geworden
Domeinen
Toegepaste psychologie:
Klinische psychologen en therapeuten
Theoretische of exirimenterende psychologie
Functieleer
Neuropsychologie
Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Persoonlijkheidspsychologie
Sociale psychologie
Psychologie
Voorwetenschappelijk
Buikgevoel
Niet bewezen op wetenschappelijke basis vb.Flair
Wetenschappelijk
Wetenschappelijk onderzocht
Voldoende bewijsmateriaal om te veralgemenen
Soorten onderzoek
Experiment
Gecontroleerd kijken naar een onderzoek
De feiten waarnemen door een verschillende variabel. Een bepaalde variabel kan de
oorzaak zijn van een verschillend resultaat
, Gaat moeilijk met mensen
Correlatie onderzoek
Er is een gebeurtenis plaatsgevonden bij een bepaalde groep mensen. Ze gaan deze
groep mensen volgen. Ze gaan ook een andere groep mensen waar die gebeurtenis
niet bij gebeurt is, volgen.
Er is een samenhang (=correlatie= als het ene verhoogt, verhoogt het ander ook)
tussen twee factoren maar geen oorzakelijk verband want er spelen nog andere
factoren mee.
Positieve correlatie= samenhang waarbij hoge uitkomsten op de ene variabel
gepaard gaan met hoge uitkomsten op de ander.
Negatieve correlatie= samenhang waarbij hoge uitkomsten op de ene variabel
gepaard gaan met lage uitkomsten op de ander
Survey
= bevraging van liefst zoveel mogelijk mensen
Ze moeten wel eerlijk antwoorden. De maatschappij bepaalt mede goed gedrag
waardoor eerlijkheid niet altijd kan omwille van taboe
De maatschappij heeft een grote invloed
Natuurlijke observatie
Mensen veranderen hun gedrag vanaf er camera's in de buurt zijn. Mensen zijn
gewoontedieren dus ze zullen snel hervallen in hun oude gewoontes.
Vervalstudie
Mensen met een bijzondere uitzonderlijke aandoening bestuderen en daar resultaten
aan koppelen.
BIAS
= bronnen van vertekening
= je zit met bepaalde verwachtingen van een onderzoek of je bent emotioneel betrokken bij
het onderwerp dan veranderd je kijken op het onderzoek
Oplossingen
Blind
Enkel de patiënt weet niet dat hij de placebo krijgt.
Dubbelblind
De patiënt en de persoon die de pil geeft weten niet of het een placebo is.
Kunst van luisteren volgens patiënten
Wie heeft het en wie niet
Open oor voor klachten en bijzondere ervaringen
Luistert belangstellend
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