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Bio 212 – Exam 1 Study Guide
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Maria TenBio 212 – Exam 1 Brink
Start: 5-14-19
Bio 212 Course Notes – Exam End: 5-24-19
1 Ch 1, 5, 14, 7, 8
Ch 1 – Terminology
Ch 5 – Cellular Responses
Ch 14 – Inflammation, Tissue Repair and Wound Healing—most important!
Ch 7 – Genetic and Congenital
Disorders Ch 8 – Cancer
Notes:
• Cell cycle
o Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Transcription and translation
o DNA RNA
o RNA proteins
• Gene expression
o Phenotype—physical traits
o Genotype—genetic makeup
• Stem cells
o In bone marrow
o Epidermis! Skin hair and nails
• Cellular respiration
o CO2 + H2O
• Homeostasis!
o Everything in this class is the lack of homeostasis!!
o Positive feedback!!
o Childbirth is positive feedback—known end.
o Stable. Stability. Yay!
♦ Blood pressure
o Heart rate, stroke rate etc.
NOTES ON SLIDES!
Ch 1 - Terminology
Pathophysiology
• Physiology of altered health, the study of structural and functional changes to cells, tissues and
organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease
Health
• “State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease” (WHO)
Disease
• An acute or chronic illness that causes physiological dysfunction in one or more body systems
, Maria Ten
Bio 212 – Exam 1 Brink
Start: 5-14-19
• Manifests initially at the cellular level End: 5-24-19
, Maria Ten
Bio 212 – Exam 1 Brink
Start: 5-14-19
• Aspects of disease process include: End: 5-24-19
o Etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, clinical course
Etiology (Etiological factors) – the cause of disease
• Congenital – defects present at birth
• Acquired – caused by event after birth
• Biological – bacteria, viruses
• Physical – burns, trauma
• Chemical – toxins
• Nutritional – excess or deficits
• Genetics – inheritance
• Multifactorial – ex: cancer, heart disease, diabetes
Risk factors
• Multiple factors that predispose a person to a particular disease
Pathogenesis
• Sequence of events that take place from the contact with an etiological agent to the expression
of disease
Morphological changes
• Gross anatomic and microscopic changes characteristic to a specific disease
Clinical manifestation – manifestation of disease
• Symptom – subjective complaint by the patient
• Sign – objectively identified or measured by an observer
• Syndrome – compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic to a certain disease
• Complications – possible adverse effects of a disease or treatment
• Sequelae – normal lesions or impairments caused by a disease or treatment
Diagnosis – determination of the cause of a health problem
• Result of patient history, physical examination and diagnostic tests
• Diagnostic tests
o Normal values – established from test results from a selected sample of people; 95%
distribution
o Validity – the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
o Reliability – extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.
o Standardization – aimed at increasing the trueness and reliability of measured values
o Sensitivity – the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a
given test or observation (true-positive)
o Specificity – the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test
or observation (true-negative)
o Predicted value – extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence
of a given disease or condition
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