SUBJECT 2: TERTIARY STRUCTURE. DNA SUPERCOILING
Structure 1aria → nucleotide sequence
Structure 2aria → double helix, triple helix, hairpin, cruciform ...
3aria structure → supercoiling
Unlike proteins, DNA has no 4aria structure.
DNA supercoiling:
- The axis of the double helix coils on itself and forms a superhelix →structure
Tertiaryof DNA that involves thermodynamic stress.
- Compacts, takes up less space → can enter smaller places.
- TheDNA molecule must not have free ends (neither beginning nor end), if this condition is
not given, the supercoil will never form:
- Circular DNA → Plasmidis: small molecules of circular, closed and
double-stranded DNA, which are in the cytoplasm of many bacteria.
- Linear DNA: theDNA loop in the middle of a chain → in a linear chain loops can be
formed (as if it had no free ends), which have stabilizing proteins that maintain this
shape.
, FunctionBiology: supercoiling
- Augmenta the degree of DNA compaction.
- It allows good DNA replication and transcription.
Compaction ofDNAEscherichia Coli:
- Its genome is a single circular DNA molecule (4.7 million bp; 1.6 mm), highly compacted
and condensed in a central area of the cell cytoplasm; E. coli, 2 mm). → It is a double
circular helix attached to proteins forming 40 loops or domains of about 100 Kb
with negative supercoiling.
INTRODUCTION
In general, the supercoil can be:
- Negative: if the superhelix rotates in the same direction as the double helix
(clockwise).
- Positive: if the superhelix rotates in the opposite direction to the double
helix (lever).
Inliving things, permanently, there is only supercoiling negative.
The positive is only found in a transient way, as it dissolves quickly.
To study all this, we observe the
supercoiling of DNA by agarose gel
electrophoresis:
- Relaxed DNA band: it migrates
more slowly, since its linear shape
presents difficulties in crossing the pores
of the ice.
- Rolled DNA Band: Migrates
faster, as the compact shape allows it to
easily penetrate the pores of the ice.
The positive pole is at the bottom.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller sanafortpius. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.27. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.