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Samenvatting Daders (1e jaars)
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Samenvatting voor het vak daders, van alle voorgeschreven literatuur. Met het leren van deze samenvatting heb ik het tentamen in 1x gehaald met een 8!
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Daders SamenvattingWeek 1, Chemistry for Crime:
Both occasional offenders and overactive offenders are influenced by specific situations.
It is very important for criminologists to learn how much time young people spend in different
settings, whether parents know what they are doing, what they do in each setting and what happens
to them.
For example, a bar can set a stage for theft, fights or an illegal sale.
Most human activities occur in some type of setting, but only certain settings are especially risky for
crime.
Crime hot spots: crime concentrates greatly in particular settings.
You can divide the sequence for a criminal act into three main stages
- The prelude
- The incident
- The aftermath
Criminal acts have three almost always elements: a likely offender, a suitable target, and de absence
of a capable guardian against the offense.
Eck’s Crime Triangle
The crime triangle depicts
a. the offender evading handlers,
b. finding places without managers
c. targets without guardians.
Predatory offenders are mostly impersonal and often do not care about how the victim feels.
A crime with one person hunting an innocent victim is a predatory crime.
Place managers are very important when it comes to preventing crime.
Hot products are products that are stolen much more than others. For example specific types of cars.
Products which are usually stolen have a high money price per pound/kilo.
Although heavier products are more stolen the further away you are from the city, or from off season
holiday houses.
Goods CRAVED by thieves are (Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable and
Disposable.)
Three term to understand where many types of crime occur:
- Nodes: such as homes, schools, workplaces, shopping malls. Specific crime risks differ greatly
among nodes.
- Paths: leading from one node to another.
,- Edges: places where two local areas touch. Crime is often most risky here. You can often leave
without being seen or stopped.
Opportunity is a root cause of crime.
Week 1, Sneaky Thrills:
The sneaky thrill is created when a person (1) tacitly generates the experience of being seduces to
deviance, (2) reconquers her emotions in a concentration dedicated to the production of normal
appearances, (3) and then appreciates the reverberating significance of her accomplishment in a
euphoric thrill.
Once the object is removed from the protected environment, the object quickly loses much of its
charm.
“It would be so easy” is something often said by criminals who steal or vandalize., and creates the
excitement of the challenge.
With sneaky, thrilling property crimes such as shoplifting, a conventional object, such as a chapstick,
because fascinating, seductively drawing the would-be shoplifter to it.
At some point toward the sneaky thrill, the person realises that she must maintain a calm
appearance until she exits the shop. You need to avoid suspicion.
Successfully stealing something creates the feeling of euphoria.
Week 1, Shared beginnings, divergent lives:
Chapter 6: Why some offenders stop:
Most revealing is that men who desisted from crime are distinguished by long-term
stability in marriage and employment. Most of the desisters also had a successful stint in the military.
It is well known that verbal deficits are related to delinquency.
It is important to collect both official and self-report data, this showed for example that people
developed a drinking problem in the service.
Home life became the centre of activity for Leon and most other men who desisted from crime.
As a direct result of his marriage, he lost his (delinquent) friend group and became friends with his
wife’s friends instead. The time he spent with his family was time spent away from crime.
Chapter 7: Why some offenders persist:
We define persistence in offending as being arrested at multiple phases of the life
course.
The persisters spent considerably less time married, working, and in the military over the course of
their lives.
Take Billie for example, he came from a good home. Stable house with loving parents. But he hates
school and associated with a large number of older boys on the street.
After Billie was released from prison he met up with his old gang and was back into trouble. At age 25
Billie feared his life would be a continuous prison term.
When he was sent to the next prison, he lost most contact with his family.
, Three pathways leading away from crime: strong bonds to work, strong ties to a spouse and a
successful military experience.
Once you get arrested, you’re going to pay for it the rest of your life.
HC 1:
Levensloop criminologie theorie: Wanneer leidt een gebeurtenis tot een verandering in
levensomstandigheden? Homo sociologicus.
Gelegenheidstheorie: RAT, homo economicus.
Culturele criminologie theorie: Wat proberen mensen te doen wanneer zij crimineel gedrag plegen?
Hoe ervaren daders normovertreding? Morele emoties en aantrekkingskracht van normovertreding.
Breaking Bad (verandering van levensomstandigheden en door blijven gaan vanuit
kick/sensatie/machtspositie)
Mensbeelden:
Homo economicus (rationele dader): gelegenheidstheorieën, RAT (aanwezigheid dader en doelwit en
afwezigheid van toezicht. Afweging kosten en baten. Is expliciet een eigen keuze.
Homo sociologicus (invloed van sociale omgeving): ook invloed van normen en waarden. Hieronder
valt levensloop en culturele criminologie.
Theorieën verschillen en overeenkomsten:
Mensbeeld?
Gewoon of bijzonder?
Eigen keuze?
WG1:
Theorieën waarom mensen criminaliteit
plegen.
Gemotiveerde dader heeft de kosten en
baten afgewogen, en de baten bleken
hoger dan de kosten.
Handler is bijv ouder, iemand die de dader weerhoudt van het plegen van strafbare feiten.
Eck’s triangle komt voort uit het homo economicus mensbeeld, de gelegenheidstheorie.
Week 2, Organisatiecriminaliteit H10:
White Collar-crime: Crime committed by a person of respectability and a high social status in the
course of his occupation.
Volgens Sutherland is witteboordencriminaliteit een schending van het vertrouwen dat gekoppeld is
aan het beroep of de positie binnen het bedrijfsleven. Het gaat hem om misdrijven uit de sfeer van
het strafrecht.
Omdat dit meer ‘upper-class’ misdrijven zijn, worden ze wel als misdrijven gezien, maar niet zo
behandeld.
Het gaat bij witteboordencriminaliteit om de vraag of het geconstateerde gedrag (of nalaten)
onrechtmatig is of niet.
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