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2021POLICY ANALYSIS
1. INTRODUCTION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS
AND THE POLICY SCIENCES
A. Overview
i. Introduction into the course
1. What is a policy?
2. What is public policy analysis?
ii. Organisational issue
1. Compulsory literature and further reading
2. Overview of the syllabus / lectures
3. Info about the exam and portfolio
B. What is a policy?
i. “Governments make public policy.”
1. ≠politics;
i. processes and institutions of the aquisition of pol power
ii. processen en insittiuties voor het verwerven van politieke macht
2. ≠ polity (= staat)
i. synonym to political system as a whole and role of subjects
ii. It is related; for example policy is a political process
ii. Questions of public policy analysis, e.g.:
1. Why are particular policy decisions taken at certain times and not others?
a. Vb verschil in lockdown BE en NL gedurende de pandemie ge kon
nog altijd in NL gaan shoppen
2. How do individual decisions add up and work together in policy regimes
or mixes, or are they incompatible and contradictory?
a. Hoe kloppen individuele beslissingen en werken ze samen in
beleidsregimes of mengsels, of zijn ze onverenigbaar en tegenstrijdig?
b. Vb. Geven van bedrijfswagen is contradictorisch met huidig beleid van
duurzaamheid en promoten van elektrische wagens ge geeft wel
bedrijfswagens die niet elektisch zijn ma ge promoot het andere
3. Do multiple decisions result in recognizable patterns of policy-making and
policy content, or just in random or quasi-random accumulations of past
decisions?” (dus zijn da gwn willekeurige ophopingen van voorafgaande
beslissingen?)
, a. Vb. Tradition of consensus policy-making (Be, Sweden, …) vs.
Majoritarian systems (Fr, UK, VS, …) `
i. A majoritarian voting system is an electoral system which gives
the right to appoint all the representatives to the majority of the
electors, denying representation to all minorities
ii. The ethics of consensus decision-making encourage
participants to place the good of the whole group above their
own individual preferences. When there is potential for a block
to a group decision, both the group and dissenters in the group
are encouraged to collaborate until agreement can be reached.
4. Other examples?
iii. Public policy analysis
1. Lasswell & Lerner: The Policy Sciences (1951)
a. , problem-oriented, mapping of contexts, alternatives and effects
b. = grondlegger van de beleidsanalyse. Heeft de missie geformuleerd :
i. Hoe beleidsmakers kunnen bijdragen aan een betere
maatschappij. Hij geloofde in de maakbaarheid van de
samenleving (heeft meegewerkt aan de Rechten van de Mens).
c. Beleidsanalyse =/= 1 domein : multi-methodisch ; multidisciplinair ;
i. Op basis van verschillende methoden / disciplines; niet alleen
over politieke wetenschappen, maar ook over rechten en
economie
d. probleem-oriëntatie ; mapping van context, opties en effecten
e. Onderscheid :
i. Analyse of policy
1. Analyse van beleid : theorie. Academische inzichten ontwikkelen
om beleid beter te begrijpen en analyseren (= dit vak). TOETSEN.
2. hier gaan we naar kijken
3. analyseer het beleid dat wordt gehanteerd door overheden; Wat
maakt het uit; wie heeft de macht, ...
ii. Analyse for policy
1. Analyse voor beleid : prescriptief ; toegepast. Zelf een actor in
beleid, actief voorbereiden van beleid. AANBEVELEN.
2. wanneer de analyse wel / niet gebruikt is bij beleidsvorming;
toegepast)
3. Machiavelli adviseerde beleidsmakers + Boek dat Angela ontvangt
is ook met advies
a. Enerzijds; Tsessaro Bourdia (Italian) was leader in renaissance
time: inspired Machiavelli in his work “the Prince” (was imported
2
, adviser and analyser of leader in the renassaince time)
adviseur
b. Anderzijds; Angela Merkel who receives a research report
(analysis in certain policy domain) report
iii. Distinction between:
1. Analysis of policy: theory
2. Analysis for policy: prescriptive, applied
2. Public policy analysis asks:
a. What political actors do
b. Why they do it
c. What difference it makes
C. Policy analysts: Who, where, what?
i. Academic public policy analysis
ii. Public administration
iii. Political parties
iv. Interest groups
v. Think tanks
vi. NGOs
vii. International Organisations
viii. Ook burgerlijke ambtenaren gaan heel veel politiek advies geven; civil servants
D. Terminology: ‘policy’ and ‘beleid’
i. policy: wisdom, statecraft, acting carefully, public policy processes, tactics
1. ‘policy’ as a rational plan
2. ‘policy’ as different from ‘politics’ and ‘polity’ (see above)
a. Policy als verschillend van politiek (politiek = processen van macht)
ii. ‘beleid’:
1. middle-ages: ‘beleiden’, ‘beleider’, government, administration, command
2. Comeback of the term in the 20th century nu gebruieken we beleid
voor verschilllende dingen
a. Activities of the government
i. vaccinatiebeleid
b. Action of a specific organisation
i. KUL heeft een beleid code geel code oranje code rood voor
COVID
c. Indication of a desired situation
i. We willen graag geen armoedt/poverty
d. Indication of a plan
i. 75% van de bevolking moet op deze datum gevaccineerd zijn
e. Indication of effects
iii. In French?
3
, 1. oorspronkelijk is er geen onderscheid tussen beleid en politiek (la
politique), maar het onderscheid kwam toen "politique publique of action
publique" werd ingevoerd
2. In French originally there is no distinction between policy and politics (la
politique) but distinction came when introduced ‘politique publique or
action publique’
E. Definitions of policy
i. Thomas Dye (1972):
1. Public policy is “anything a government chooses to do or not to do .”
a. « Beleid is alles wat een overheid kiest om te doen of niet te doen »
2. Positief: three points central to understanding public policy as an applied
problem-solving process; dus overheidsbeleid is een process om
probelemen op te lossen
a. ‘Government’: only they can make authoritative decisions on behalf of
the citizens
i. Alleen OH kan gezagnemende beslissingen nemen
ii. Dye benadrukt dat de overheid eindverantwoordelijk is
b. Highlights the fundamental choice ‘to do or not to do’ something about
a problem deliberate choice
i. Geen beleid voeren is ook beleid -> non-decision making
ii. Vb trump die beslist om niks te doen aan covid
iii. (keuzes maken ; prioriteiten stellen)
iv. Keuzeproces (kiezen en verliezen)
c. Conscious choice, but often unintended consequences
i. Bewuste keuzes maar vaak onbedoelde gevolgen
ii. (Het doelgerichte en het denkproces ontbreken)
3. Negatief: too simple
a. Kort en krachtig
ii. William Jenkins:
1. Public policy as “a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor
or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of
achieving them within a specified situation where those decisions should,
in principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve.”
a. « Beleid is een set van verweven beslissingen genomen door een
politieke actor of groep van actoren over de selectie van
doelstellingen en de wijze waarop de doelstellingen moeten worden
gehaald, wat in principe binnen hun bereik moet liggen »
b. + It’s not only the government; also lobbying is a verry important part
in decision-making highlighting that there are multiple actors
i. Beleid is niet alleen de overheid
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