Introduction To Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (PSB3EKP07)
Samenvatting
Summary Introduction to cognitive behavioral therapies
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Introduction To Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (PSB3EKP07)
Instelling
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Boek
Behavioral Interventions in Cognitive Behavior Therapy
This is a summary of the course Introduction to cognitive behavioral therapies. The first page describes which chapters and articles will be discussed in the summary. The most important lecture slides are also incorporated in the summary.
Have a nice study session! ;)
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, Farmer & Chapman
Chapter 1 - Overview
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) = therapeutic approaches that emphasize cognitive, behavioral,
emotional, psychological, and environmental factors in relation to psychological disorders.
The emergence of CBT:
- Social learning theory/social cognitive theory (Bandura) = elevated symbolic cognitive
processes to determinants of behavior.
o Reciprocal determinism = behavior, cognitive factors, and environmental influences
reciprocally and continuously interact and influence one another.
o Self-efficacy = an individual’s beliefs about one’s personal efficacy, or ability to
successfully perform coping behavior, were determinants of whether such behavior
will be demonstrated.
Three waves of CBT:
- First wave → behavior therapy to change associations.
o Systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning, reinforcement.
- Second wave → addition of cognitive therapy to change internal mediators (i.e., cognition).
o Thought records.
- Third wave → not changing content but the relation to the content.
o Mindfulness-based interventions (will be explained later on), cognitive defusion.
▪ Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR).
• Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT).
o Mindfulness skills.
o Addition of valued activities.
• Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention (MBRP).
• Mindfulness-based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT).
▪ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
• Decentering = mental content experienced as passing thoughts and
feelings that may or may not have some truth in them.
▪ Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT).
Two phases in behavior therapy:
- Understanding behavior → analyzing, hypothesis based.
- Changing behavior → interventions.
The influential cognitive approach of Aaron & Beck:
- Primary assumption → distorted and dysfunctional thinking influences mood and behavior.
Each disorder is defined by a unique set of thought distortions and core beliefs.
- Additional assumption → modification of underlying beliefs, or schemas, is required for
lasting change.
- Implication → promotion of realistic, accurate, and balanced thinking and the modification of
thinking will produce associated changes in mood and behavior.
Models of abnormality within psychology and psychiatry:
- Cognitive therapy → those with psychological disorders are often regarded as having
maladaptive schemas that serve as psychological nuclei of behavioral and emotional
disorders.
- Medical model approach → diseases or dysfunctional biological processes are often
presumed to underlie psychiatric syndromes.
, - Psychodynamic models → the quality, integration, and differentiation of internalized (self)
mental representations and the relative maturity of inner defensive coping mechanism are
etiologically relevant for psychological disorders.
The behavioral perspective about theory and therapy has a different view than the ones above:
- The search for internal causes of behavior is avoided. It is primarily concerned with what one
does and the contexts within which behavior occurs.
- Culture provides the context for referencing which behaviors are acceptable or valued and
which are deviant (abnormal). This also changes over time.
o Example → before 1970, homosexuality was seen as a mental disorder.
Behavioral perspectives → assumptions about the individual, the context within one lives, and the
factors that influence one’s behavior.
- Covert behavior = behavior within the individual.
- Overt behavior = behavior observed by others.
The three-term contingency = the interaction of a person with one’s environment, includes three
elements:
- Antecedents of behavior.
o Discriminative stimuli (Sd) = events that provide information about the likelihood
that the reinforcement or punishment will follow some type of behavior.
▪ Disruptive behavior of children in school is more likely to occur when
classmates reinforce this behavior, the presence of classmates is the Sd.
o Establishing operations (EO) / motivational operations = behavior is influenced by
changing the reinforcing or punishing characteristics of environmental events.
Internal events such as thoughts and hunger are common EOs.
▪ For people who often binge eat, negative thoughts about the self can be EOs
for binge eating behavior.
▪ Someone slapping you might be the EO to show aggressive behavior.
▪ Rule governed behavior = behavior that is influenced by verbal rules.
• Example → a person who is afraid of speaking in public can have a
verbal rule such as: “If I speak in front of a public, I will be evaluated
negatively” and because of this the person will avoid public speaking.
o S-delta = situations or circumstances in which the behavior does not take place.
o Depends on a person’s learning history.
▪ Example → if a certain form of behavior was performed in similar situations
before, and if such behavior resulted in reinforcing outcomes, then the
behavior is more likely to occur in comparable future environments.
- Behavior itself.
o Both covert and overt behavior.
- Consequences that follow behavior.
o The effect that the behavior produces (immediate and delayed).
o Behavior is reinforced if the consequences that follow behavior increase the
likelihood of that behavior to occur again.
Changing behavior with the following changes:
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