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Chapter 51 – Nutrition, Digestion & Absorption Animal Requirements From Food
Animals are heterotrophs (must eat other organisms to survive)
Nutrients Required
Energy
• Where animals get energy from
♦ Sources
Carbs (4.2 kcal/g)
Fats (9.5 kcal/g)
Proteins (4.1kcal/g)
• Excess energy intake is stored as
♦ Glycogen
In liver and muscle
♦ Fat
More energy per gram than glycogen
More compact than glycogen
• Starvation
♦ Edema results from digestion of own proteins
♦ Starling’s forces no longer oppose each other
Building blocks for macromolecules
• Animals need the acetyl group to use as a carbon skeleton, but cannot
manufacture it and must ingest it
• Humans cannot synthesize (make) many amino acids
Minerals
• Macronutrient minerals
♦ Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorous (P),
Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Sulfur (S)
• Micronutrient minerals
♦ Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F), Iodine (I),
Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn)
Vitamins
• Most vitamins are “coenzymes” or parts of “coenzymes”
♦ Folate is a coenzyme in formation of heme and nucleotides
♦ Required for proper spinal tube formation
♦ A coenzyme = non-protein molecule that aids an enzyme
• Water-soluble vitamins
• Fat soluble vitamins
Evolution of Feeding Types
Heterotrophs can be further subdivided
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