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Samenvatting Filmgeschiedenis
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Samenvatting Filmgeschiedenis obv slides, notities. Geslaagd in 1e zit met 15/20
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By: nathalindupont • 2 year ago
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FILMGESCHIEDENISLes 1: Introductie en de 3 levensfases van film............................................................................................... 4
1.1 Illusies over film..............................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Benaderingen en definities van film...............................................................................................................4
1.3 Wat maakt film bijzonder?.............................................................................................................................4
1.4 Filmstudies als wetenschap............................................................................................................................5
1.5 De technische dimensie: 3 levensfases...........................................................................................................5
1) Productie (1e fase).........................................................................................................................................5
2) Distributie (2e fase).......................................................................................................................................6
3) Vertoning (3e fase)........................................................................................................................................7
4) Besluit...........................................................................................................................................................7
Les 2: De technische dimensie van film........................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Optische principes...........................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Pre-cinema......................................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Projectie..........................................................................................................................................................8
2.4 Narratie en montage......................................................................................................................................8
a) Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................8
B) George Méliès...............................................................................................................................................9
C) Edwin Porter.................................................................................................................................................9
D) D.W. Griffith..................................................................................................................................................9
E) Lev Kuleshow..............................................................................................................................................10
F) Sergei Eisenstein.........................................................................................................................................10
G) Dziga Vertov...............................................................................................................................................10
Les 3: Film als industrie: industrialisering..................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................11
3.2 De “Nickelodeon boom”................................................................................................................................11
3.3 Europa als bakermat.....................................................................................................................................11
3.4 Industrialisering............................................................................................................................................12
3.5 Sterrendom...................................................................................................................................................12
3.6 Ontwikkeling Hollywood...............................................................................................................................12
Les 4: Ontwikkeling geluidsfilm en kleurenfilm............................................................................................. 13
4.1 Ontwikkeling geluidsfilm..............................................................................................................................13
A) Vroege experimenten met geluid..............................................................................................................13
B) Standaardisering en geluid.........................................................................................................................13
C) Gevolgen vd komst van geluid....................................................................................................................13
4.2 Ontwikkeling kleurenfilm..............................................................................................................................14
A) Vroege kleurenfilm.....................................................................................................................................14
B) Standaardisering van kleur.........................................................................................................................14
C) De langzame conversie naar kleurenfilm...................................................................................................14
D) Kleur meer dan techniek............................................................................................................................14
Les 5: Het studiotijdperk: de gouden periode van Hollywood........................................................................15
5.1 Inleiding: de gouden periode........................................................................................................................15
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, A) Hollywood in de jaren ‘20...........................................................................................................................15
B) De Production Code (1930)........................................................................................................................15
5.2 Komedie: verschuivingen in populair genre..................................................................................................16
A) Charles Chaplin...........................................................................................................................................16
B) Buster Keaton.............................................................................................................................................16
5.3 Relaties tussen Europa en Hollywood...........................................................................................................16
5.4 Regisseurs uit vroeg studiotijdperk...............................................................................................................16
A) Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959)......................................................................................................................16
B) Ernst Lubitsch (1892-1947).........................................................................................................................17
C) Jozef von Sternberg (1894-1969)...............................................................................................................17
D) John Ford....................................................................................................................................................17
E) Howards Hawks..........................................................................................................................................17
F) Billy Wilder..................................................................................................................................................17
G) Alfred Hitchcock.........................................................................................................................................17
5.5 Vrouwen in Hollywood..................................................................................................................................18
5.6 Einde vh studiosysteem.................................................................................................................................18
5.7 New Hollywood en de ‘movie brats’.............................................................................................................18
Les 6: Genres............................................................................................................................................... 18
6.1 Genres definiëren..........................................................................................................................................18
6.2 Ontwikkeling van genres..............................................................................................................................19
6.3 Genremixing..................................................................................................................................................19
6.4 Genres analyseren........................................................................................................................................19
6.5 Drie toepassingen: Western, horror en musical...........................................................................................20
A) Western......................................................................................................................................................20
B) Horror.........................................................................................................................................................20
C) Musical........................................................................................................................................................20
Les 7: Filmbewegingen................................................................................................................................. 21
A) Inleiding: wat zijn filmbewegingen.............................................................................................................21
7.1 Bewegingen in de filmgeschiedenis..............................................................................................................21
A) Duits expressionisme..................................................................................................................................21
B) Nieuwe Zakelijkheid....................................................................................................................................22
C) Franse avant-garde.....................................................................................................................................22
D) Neorealisme...............................................................................................................................................22
E) Nouvelle vague...........................................................................................................................................23
F) Internationale new wave............................................................................................................................24
G) Third Cinema..............................................................................................................................................24
H) Dogme 95...................................................................................................................................................24
I) Queer cinema..............................................................................................................................................24
Les 8: Dekolonisering van de filmindustrie.................................................................................................... 25
8.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................25
8.2 De macht vd blik...........................................................................................................................................25
8.3 Dekolonisering doorheen de filmgeschiedenis.............................................................................................26
A) Dekolonisering als dialoog..........................................................................................................................26
B) Dekolonisering als wapen...........................................................................................................................27
C) Dekolonisering als industrie.......................................................................................................................28
8.4 Conclusie.......................................................................................................................................................28
2
,Les 9: Relaties tussen film en andere media.................................................................................................. 29
9.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................29
9.2 Radio.............................................................................................................................................................29
9.3 Televisie.........................................................................................................................................................29
A) Machtsgreep televisie: gevolgen voor film................................................................................................30
B) Televisie als zelfstandig medium................................................................................................................30
C) Serialisering.................................................................................................................................................31
D) Kwaliteitstelevisie.......................................................................................................................................31
E) Film en televisie: wederzijdse relaties........................................................................................................31
9.4 Internet en film.............................................................................................................................................31
Les 10: Documentaire, experimentele film en animatiefilm..........................................................................32
10.1 Documentaire.............................................................................................................................................32
A) Documentaire: vorm..................................................................................................................................32
B) Evolutie van documentaire.........................................................................................................................33
C) Fluïde vormen.............................................................................................................................................33
10.2 Experimentele film......................................................................................................................................33
A) Experimentele film als abstracte vorm......................................................................................................34
B) Experimentele film: associatieve vorm......................................................................................................34
10.3 Animatiefilm...............................................................................................................................................34
A) Traditionele animatie.................................................................................................................................34
B) Stop-motion................................................................................................................................................35
C) Digitale animatie.........................................................................................................................................35
Les 11: Turkse film....................................................................................................................................... 35
A) Start ve eigen filmindustrie........................................................................................................................36
B) Traditionele filmindustrie ‘Yesilçam’..........................................................................................................36
C) Sociaal realisme in jaren ‘60.......................................................................................................................36
12. Algemeen besluit................................................................................................................................... 36
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, Les 1: Introductie en de 3 levensfases van film
1.1 Illusies over film
1. Film is dood
o televisie, streaming, sociale media,.. worden gezien als bedreiging
o Gaudrealt & Marion: “film eindigt niet, maar transformeert”
o film is niet een geïsoleerd medium: het is niet enkel beschikbaar op een platform; het staat in
relatie met andere media
2. Film is massa-entertainment
o film is massamedium geworden dat vaak gemaakt wordt om winst te maken
o populariteit sluit creativiteit en innovatie niet uit
o maatschappelijke en sociale waarde van film
3. Film is Hollywood: Hollywood was dominant tussen jaren ’10 en ‘60
1.2 Benaderingen en definities van film
Film wordt geassocieerd met verschillende fenomenen
5 grote benaderingen
1. film als techniek: optische en technische principes, technische stappen bij het opnemen,
bewaren en vertonen ve film
2. film als taal: welke middelen hebben filmmakers ter beschikking om een verhaal te vertellen?
3. film als industrie: spelers en instellingen die betrokken zijn bij het maken, verdelen en spelen
van film
4. film als beweging: artistieke stromingen en hoe ze samenhangen
5. film als beleving: sociale en culturele dimensies van film
deze benaderingen en dimensies hangen dikwijls samen
bv Billy Lynn’s long halftime walk: 120 frames/sec slechts 5 bioscopen konden de film
in originele versie tonen (industrie) en mensen werden vaak misselijk (beleving)
Definities en termen
o ‘film’: verwijst naar de drager: dunne laag of vlies waarop beelden worden vastgelegd
(celluloid)
o ‘cinema’ (kinesis): verwijst naar beweging (zoals movie/to move
‘Cinema’ verwijst specifieker naar institutionele en industriële aspecten van film, maar de termen
worden door elkaar gebruikt
Discussie in de literatuur: film als medium of kunstvorm?
o comwet: nadruk op het medium om betekenissen over te brengen
o kunstwetenschappers: nadruk op esthetische en kunsthistorische betekenissen
1.3 Wat maakt film bijzonder?
Verhaal, actie, dialoog,.. zijn niet noodzakelijk. Wat dan wel?
o is een belangrijke vraag in filmtheorie en discussies over mediumspecificiteit
Film kan tijd, ruimte en persoonlijk perspectief relativeren
o dankzij montage, sprongen in de ruimte, perspectiefwissels – hierdoor krijg je iets dynamisch
Film is dynamisch
o stille beelden lijken te bewegen door optische illusie
o ontwikkeling en beweging staan centraal
Film is visueel
o gelijkenissen tussen camera en het menselijk oog
o met-camera-opgenomen-beelden vertonen gelijkenis met menselijke waarneming
o discussie tussen (vroege) filmstromingen over puur visueel karakter van film
Film is een opname
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