A summary of the whole course (including the first and second block of the course). Important terminology is highlighted and images are included to help with the understanding of the material.
Lecture 1: Human Metabolism
● Carbohydrates:
○ (glucose) only source of food our brain can use
● Proteins:
○ made of amino acids (combined through peptide
bonds)
■ used to make glucose
● Fat/triglycerides
○ palmitate = energy source
● The Big Three Metabolites:
○ Glucose 6-phosphate
○ Pyruvate
○ Acetyl CoA
■ synthesis → many compounds
○ Amino acids
■ oxidation → energy
■ storage → no storage (turn into fat/protein)
■ synthesis → protein and nitrogen compounds
○ Fats
■ oxidation → energy
■ storage → TG (not regulated)
■ synthesis → membrane lipids
● Energy carriers:
○ ATP
○ GTP
○ NAD(P)H (NADH from TCA cycle)
○ FADH
● Acetyl CoA:
○ two carbons released as CO2
○ hydrogens released ad H2O
● ATP:
○ has High Energy Phosphate Bonds
■ broken to release energy
● Endothermic vs. Exothermic reactions:
○ Exothermic = generate energy (release it)
○ Endothermic = require energy (take it up)
● Mitochondria:
○ Outer membrane
○ Inner membrane
■ Electron transport chain (ETC)
■ ATP Synthase = generate ATP
■ B-oxidation of Fatty acids = degrade FA
● synthesis in cytosol
● How does the body regulate ATP synthesis?
○ ATP synthase uses energy from proton gradient
(protons from NADH)
, ■ converts ADP to ATP
● when all is converted = No NADH → NAD+ = NO TCA cycle
○ need NAD+ to form a-ketoglutarate (part of TCA cycle)
● accumulation of NADH = NO TCA cycle
○ due to stop recycling by OXPHOS
● Enough ATP:
○ excess Acetyl CoA and citrate → fatty acids
● After a meal:
● Between meals: release energy
○ release Amino acids
○ release TG
○ protein break down = urine is yellow due to urea (negative nitrogen balance)
, ● Negative nitrogen
balance = protein breakdown (after good night sleep)
○ amino acids are used in the liver to make glucose for the brain (only source of
energy)
○ nitrogen excretion (release of urea) is very high after 12 h of fasting
● Back up system: Ketone bodies
○ examples: B-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate
○ generated from fatty acids
○ produced after long starvation (3 days)
■ can be used by the brain
○ prevent breakdown of essential proteins
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