Exam (elaborations)
NUR2063 -Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 Blueprint 2021 RASMUSSEN COLLEGE
- Module
- Institution
NUR2063 -Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 Blueprint 2021 RASMUSSEN COLLEGE
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Bestn
Reviews received
Content preview
1Make sure to review all footnotes on PowerPoint slides – such as ‘review chart
XYZ’
Module 1
Pathophysiology basics
*Components of Pathophysiology
▪ Pathogenesis- development or evolution of a disease
▪ Etiology- The study of the causes and origins of disease
▪ Clinical Manifestation- signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
▪ Treatment Implications- strategies used to manage/ cure a disease,
management of symptoms, and includes prevention methods
Three levels of epidemiology are
o Primary- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
persons (Ex. Immunizations are the best primary way to prevent
diseases)
o Secondary- early detection, screening, and management of disease
(Ex. Cancer screening and monthly breast exams; mammograms)
o Tertiary - rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and
restoring effective functioning. Pt is already dealing with the issue and
we should try to help them recover. (Ex. PT\OT following stroke)
o
Homeostasis –what is it, how does it help us
o Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism
Allostasis – define/ what’s different from homeostasis
o Ability to successfully adapt to challenges
o Getting the body back its homeostasis stage
Allostatic overload – what does this mean to the body/individual?
o inadequate adaption mechanisms or excessive allostatic load; results
in inability to maintain homeostasis
o Leads to various illness and disorders, both physical & emotional
o Chemical mediators from the stress response contribute to various
illnesses: cortisol, catecholamines, and cytokines
,2
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome – what are the key features
with disease
Processes
Stage 1: Alarm: Fight or flight (↑ glucocorticoids, sympathetic
nervous system, epinephrine) = ↓ resistance to stressors
Stage 2: resistance or adaptation: eventual normalization of
glucocorticoid secretion, sympathetic nervous system activity,
epinephrine and norepinephrine) =↑ resistance/adaptation to
stressor—return to homeostasis
Stage 3: exhaustion: ↑ glucocorticoid secretion, followed by
significant dysregulation, diseases of adaption, = loss of resistance
to stressor, possible death of organism
*Hormones released during GAS
Catecholamines
o play an integral role in allostasis
o Sympatico- adrenal system response mediates the fight-or-flight
response
o Ex: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
i. Epinephrine
o Enhances myocardial contractibility, increases heart rate and
increases cardiac out put
o Causes bronchodilation
o Increases the release of glucose form the liver (glycogenolysis)
and elevates blood glucose levels
ii. Norepinephrine
o Constricts blood vessels and raises Bp
o Reduces gastric secretions
Adrenocorticoids
o Critical to maintain homeostasis
o May synergize or antagonize effect of catecholamines
o Ex: Cortisol and aldosterone
i. Cortisol
o Primary glucocorticoid
o Affects protein metabolism
o Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
o Had anti-inflammatory affects
o Too much cortisol over time can lead to pro-inflammatory effects
ii. Aldosterone (Secreted by adrenal cortex)
, 3
o Primary mineralocorticoid
o Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
o Increases Bp
Endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines
i. Endorphins and Enkephalins
o Endogenous opioids (body’s natural pain relievers)
o Raise pain threshold
o Produce sedation and euphoria; (reason athletes are able to play with
injuries)
ii. Immune Cytokines
o Secreted by macrophages during stress response
o Enhance immune system response
o Prolonged stress can suppress immune functioning (makes you
more susceptible to viruses)
o Example: Interleukin-1
Adaptation to stress and illness
i. Resilience
ii. Maladaptation
iii. Effect on children
Cellular Metabolism (know basics- what was discussed in live lecture)
o Nucleus- Contains genetic material
o Endoplasmic Reticulum- Synthesizes and metabolizes lipids
o Lysosomes & Peroxisomes- Contains degradative enzymes
o Golgi Apparatus- Processes and packages proteins & lipids
o Ribosome- Synthesizes protein
o Cytoskeleton – Maintains shape
o Mitochondria – makes majority of ATP
Fluids and electrolytes
Fluid regulation
o Body fluid:
Pertains to water within the body & the particles dissolved in it
o 2 major body fluid compartments
Extracellular fluid: outside of the cell
1/3 body fluid in adults
Infants have more extracellular fluid as compared to intracellular
Intracellular fluid: inside the cell
2/3 body fluid in adults
o Location of extracellular fluid
Interstitial compartment (between cells)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Bestn. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
78834 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now
Recently viewed by you
Exam (elaborations) ·
NIMS ICS-300 Final Exam Questions and Answers-Graded A+
