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Samenvatting Tumorcelbiologie *UITGEBREID* $8.15   Add to cart

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Samenvatting Tumorcelbiologie *UITGEBREID*

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Samenvatting van het vak Tumorcelbiologie uit de VL5 van de opleiding life sciences, ook wel biologie en medisch laboratoriumonderzoek. Per onderwerp zijn de leerdoelen uitgewerkt aan de hand van de powerpoints, het boek en artikelen. De onderwerpen zijn puntsgewijs samengevat, om zo een goed overz...

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  • January 26, 2022
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  • 2021/2022
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3  reviews

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By: khadijazbairzbair • 2 months ago

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By: IvHouwelingen • 2 months ago

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Les 1 Introductie Tumor Celbiologie ....................................................................................................... 4
Inleiding oncogenese........................................................................................................................... 4
Oncogene mutaties ............................................................................................................................. 5
Rol van virussen bij tumorvorming ..................................................................................................... 9
Microevolutie van tumorcellen ......................................................................................................... 10
Les 2 Vesicle- en eiwit transport I ......................................................................................................... 14
Eiwitsynthese .................................................................................................................................... 14
Eiwitvouwing met of zonder chaperones .......................................................................................... 15
Eiwitafbraak door proteasomen of lysosomen ................................................................................. 17
Conformatie verandering door allosterische liganden ..................................................................... 20
Celorganellen..................................................................................................................................... 21
Transport van eiwitten uit het cytoplasma naar ER .......................................................................... 22
Posttranslationele modificaties in ER ................................................................................................ 26
Unfolded protein response (UPR) ..................................................................................................... 28
Transport tussen ER en golgi ............................................................................................................. 30
Modificatie en sortering in het golgi ................................................................................................. 32
Artikel 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Les 3 Vesicle- en eiwit transport II ........................................................................................................ 36
Lipide synthese en membranen ........................................................................................................ 36
Introductie vesiculair transport......................................................................................................... 37
Clathrine coated vesicles ................................................................................................................... 37
Rol van Rabs en SNAREs .................................................................................................................... 39
Transport naar lysosomen................................................................................................................. 40
Caveolae ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Afbraak van ge-endocyteerde transmembraan receptor ................................................................. 43
Exocytose........................................................................................................................................... 44
Les 4 Proliferatie en groeifactor signalling I .......................................................................................... 46
Algemene informatie signalling ......................................................................................................... 46
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) ...................................................................................................... 48
Ras-MAPK route ................................................................................................................................ 50
PI3K-Akt route ................................................................................................................................... 52
JAK-STAT route .................................................................................................................................. 52
TGF beta signalering .......................................................................................................................... 53
Voorbeelden oncogene mutaties ...................................................................................................... 54

1

, Nucleaire import van eiwitten .......................................................................................................... 59
Les 5 Proliferatie en groeifactor signalling II ......................................................................................... 62
G-eiwit gekoppelde receptoren (GPCRs)........................................................................................... 62
Signalering via adenylylcyclase, cAMP en PKA .................................................................................. 63
Signalering via fosfolipase C, IP3 en calcium ..................................................................................... 67
First en second messengers .............................................................................................................. 68
Downregulatie van signaaltransductie routes .................................................................................. 69
Wnt signalering via beta-catenine..................................................................................................... 69
Les 6 Celdeling en stamcellen ............................................................................................................... 71
Celdeling algemeen ........................................................................................................................... 71
Fases van mitose ............................................................................................................................... 71
Checkpoints ....................................................................................................................................... 75
Cycline afhankelijke kinases (Cdks) ................................................................................................... 76
Regulatie van Cdks ............................................................................................................................ 77
Initiatie van de celdeling ................................................................................................................... 79
Kanker stamcellen ............................................................................................................................. 81
Stamcellen en vernieuwing van de darmvilli..................................................................................... 83
Les 7 Apoptose ...................................................................................................................................... 87
Apoptose algemeen .......................................................................................................................... 87
Mechanisme van apoptose: Caspases............................................................................................... 90
Mechanisme van apoptose: extrinsieke route .................................................................................. 91
Mechanisme van apoptose: intrinsieke route .................................................................................. 92
Mechanisme van apoptose: afwezigheid van survival factor ........................................................... 94
Mechanisme van apoptose: regulatie van apoptose ........................................................................ 94
Ontregelde apoptose mechanisme in tumoren ................................................................................ 95
Les 8 Rol van het immuunsysteem ........................................................................................................ 96
Tumor bevorderende ontsteking ...................................................................................................... 96
De tumor micro-omgeving (TME)...................................................................................................... 96
Targetting tumoren door het immuunsysteem ................................................................................ 99
Het ontwijken van immuunvernietiging .......................................................................................... 101
Les 9 Angiogenese en energiehuishouding ......................................................................................... 103
Altered glucose metabolism in cancer cells .................................................................................... 103
Mutations in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway Drive Cancer Cells to Grow ........................................ 103
PI3K-Akt route ................................................................................................................................. 104
Endothelial tip cells pioneer angiogenesis ...................................................................................... 105
Tissues requiring a blood supply release VEGF ............................................................................... 106

2

, Signals from endothelial cells control recruitment of pericytes and smooth muscle cells to form the
vessel wall........................................................................................................................................ 108
Onderzoek naar angiogenese .......................................................................................................... 108
Les 10 Metastase ................................................................................................................................. 111
Afbraak en synthese ECM................................................................................................................ 111
Invasie en metastase activeren ....................................................................................................... 111
Organisatie cytoskelet en actine structuren in de cel ..................................................................... 112
Cadherine adhesie moleculen ......................................................................................................... 112
Catenines link cadherines aan actine cytoskelet............................................................................. 113
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) ................................................................................. 114
Verschillende vormen van invasie kunnen ten grondslag liggen aan verschillende soorten kanker
......................................................................................................................................................... 115
Extracellulair matrix (ECM) .............................................................................................................. 115
Collageen ......................................................................................................................................... 115
Fibronectine .................................................................................................................................... 116
Tumorcelmigratie ............................................................................................................................ 118
Kolonisatie ....................................................................................................................................... 120
Les 11 Behandelmethodes .................................................................................................................. 122
Introductie behandelmethodes ...................................................................................................... 122
Voorbeelden behandelmethodes ................................................................................................... 123
Mogelijke problemen bij behandeling ............................................................................................ 126
Nieuwe ontwikkelingen behandelmethodes .................................................................................. 127




3

, Les 1 Introductie Tumor Celbiologie
Inleiding oncogenese
- Neoplasie= nieuw groei van cellen. Pas onder bepaalde omstandigheden kanker.
Tumor= groepje cellen gaat ongecontroleerd delen. Dit kan ook goedaardig zijn.
Kanker= cellen gaan verspreiden door het organismen (metastaseren). Via het bloed of
lymfe.
“Kanker is een groep van ziekten die zich kenmerken door een onbeperkte groei, invasie en
uitzaaiing van ontregelde cellen die de dood van een patiënt kunnen veroorzaken indien niet
doelmatig en op tijd behandeld.”
De incidentie hoeft niet gelijk te zijn met de sterfte. Dit heeft te maken met diagnose en
behandeling.
- Ook niet-pathologische weefseltoename mogelijk: Zolang het reversibel (omkeerbaar) is en
gecontroleerd verloopt is het prima.
Hyperplasie= (Tijdelijke) toename aantal cellen. Grootte blijft gelijk.
Voorbeeld: melkklieren na bevalling.
Hypertrofie= (Tijdelijke) vergroting van cellen. Aantal blijft gelijk.
Voorbeeld: getraind spierweefsel.
Metaplasie= (Tijdelijke) vervanging gedifferentieerde cellen door andere gedifferentieerde
cellen. Meestal door een factor van buitenaf.
Voorbeeld: longepitheel bij rokers.




- Klassificering van tumoren:
Benigne (goedaardige)=
• Nieuw evenwicht gaat instellen tussen aantal celdelingen aan aantal cellen die dood
gaan.
• Vaak ingekapseld, waardoor ze gelokaliseerd zitten op een bepaalde plaats.
• Geen metastase (uitzaaiing).
• Meestal niet levensbedreigend, tenzij het de functie van een in de buurt liggend
orgaan beïnvloed.
• Redelijke prognose.
• Behandeling: chirurgie, bestraling.
• Naamgeving: -oom.
Maligne (kwaadaardig)=
• Ongeremde groei.
• Invasief (groeit door weefsel heen in de richting van een bloed of lymfe vat).
• Wel metastase (uitzaaiing).
• Levensbedreigend.

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