Learning aim B: Understanding the impact of disorder on the physiology of the Lymphatic system and the associated corrective treatment. This is
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UNIT 8B: Physiology of Human Body Systems
Learning aim B: Understanding the impact of disorder on the physiology of the
Lymphatic system and the associated corrective treatment.
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system preserves fluid balance and plays a role at absorbing fats and fat-
soluble nutrients. It is part of the immune system, and it is a drainage network that fights for
the body against infections. It has an extensive association of vessels that pass through
almost all our tissues to grant for the movement of lymph. It is made up of lymphoid organs,
lymph nodes, lymph tissues, lymph ducts, lymph capillaries and a network of lymphatic
vessels that move lymph and other substances all over the body. There are almost about
600 lymph nodes in the body.
The lymphatic system has 3 main functions which are:
- Preserving the balance of fluid between our blood and tissues. This is essential as
proteins, water and other substances are repeatedly spilling out of small blood
capillaries into the surrounding body tissues.
- It establishes part of the body’s immune system and helps fight against bacteria and
other infections.
- Facilitating absorption of fats and fat-soluble nutrients in our digestive system. The
small vessels called lacteals are the ones which enable the fat absorption.
Anatomy
The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes, ducts, lymph vessels and other tissues. The lymph
moves from the tissues through bigger lymph vessels until it reaches its destination point, the blood
stream.
Lymph
Lymph is a juicy liquid found in most of tissues of our body. It’s clear and has a yellowish colour.
It is produced because of the filtration of plasma. After feeding the hungry cells on the
periphery, 90% of the fluid gets restored back into the blood vessels, while around 10% of the
fluid stays in the tissue. That remaining fluid in our tissues is called the interstitial fluid, which
gets consumed by the lymphatic capillaries and becomes the lymph. Lymph is depleted
increasingly towards larger vessels until it reaches the two main channels which are called the
lymphatic ducts, found in our trunk. From there the filtered lymph fluid returns to the blood in
the veins. Similar to the plasma the lymph is mainly composed of water, with other components
such us: lipids, proteins, glucose, ions and cells.
, Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries are the tiniest lymphatic vessels which gather the interstitial fluid from the
tissues. They are coordinated in networks called lymphatic plexuses. They are in almost every
tissue in the body, they interlace between the arterioles and venules of the circulatory system in
the soft connective tissues of the body. Lymphatic capillaries are made up by a one cell-thick
layer of endothelial cells and symbolize the open end of the system, granting interstitial fluid to
surge into them by way of overlapping cells. When interstitial pressure is low, the endothelial
flaps shut to avoid back flow. In the small intestine, lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are
essential for the movement of lipid soluble vitamins and dietary lipids to the bloodstream. The
dietary triglycerides merge with other proteins and lipids and get in the lacteals to forge a milky
fluid called chyle, which then goes through the lymphatic system, finally entering our liver and
blood stream.
Lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic vessels are branched into 2 large groups: deep and superficial lymphatic vessels.
The superficial vessels are in the subcutaneous layer of the skin where they assemble and
gather the lymph from the superficial structures of our body. They follow the sewerage of the
venous system and in the end, drain into deep lymphatic vessels. Then the deep lymphatic
vessels move lymph from internal organs.
The superficial and deep lymphatics eventually go through lymph nodes that monitor the
elements of the lymph. Then they combine to make bigger lymphatic vessels, known as
lymphatic trunks. There are 4 types of trunks: lumbar, Broncho mediastinal, jugular and
subclavian.
The lymph trunks then coverage into two lymphatic ducts:
- The right lymphatic duct: which gathers lymph from the right upper limb and the right side
of the head and chest.
- The thoracic duct: is a bigger vessel and gathers lymph from the rest of our bodies, it begins
just below the diaphragm in the cisterna chyli.
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