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Mary I: Revision Notes
Background of Mary I Failure of the Devyse
§ Mary I gained popular support, once Lady Jane § Northumberland's plans failed for a number of
Grey was proclaimed Queen in 1553. reasons.
§ Northumberland was forced to surrender to Mary. § He had attempted to interfere with the legitimate
§ This showed how secure the Tudor dynasty had succession, and to compound this by promoting the
become, since the only successful coup against the claims of his sons wife.
Tudors lasted just nine days. § This led to many people believing he did this to hold
§ Mary imprisoned Northumberland and Lady Jane onto power.
Grey in the Tower, and were both executed. § His behaviour was illegal, and accept some of his
§ Initially, Mary was reluctant to execute Lady Jane more committed supporters on the Council.
Grey, but she represented hope for English § Northumberland had a little positive support, despite
Protestants as long as she remained alive, the fact that he didn't alienate his support as
especially following Wyatt’s Rebellion. Somerset had.
§ Mary's accession was greeted favourably by the § Mary- acted bravery, decisively and quickly- able to
English people. gather support from the nobility, gentry and the
§ It has been debated whether this was because the ordinary people.
English people supported the legitimate succession,
or because they welcomed the return of
Catholicism.
Government Under Mary I
§ Under Mary I, the role of the Privy Council became more established, and committees were used to deal with
specialised issues, such as the war with France.
§ For Mary, the restoration of the Catholic faith took priority over all other issues of government- this created many
problems.
§ She had inherited a kingdom that had fundamental religious divisions.
§ She was catholic in a kingdom which had a large Protestant minority.
§ She had not been brought up to rule, had a little political instinct.
§ Many of her loyal and trusted supporters had no serious experience in government.
§ She would have to rely on those who had served Edward VI, who were implicated in the introduction religious
reforms that were distasteful to her.
Parliament
§ The relationship between Mary and Parliament was one of cautious cooperation.
§ A substantial minority of MPs (80) oppose the reversal of Edwardian religious legislation.
§ There were also other examples of opposition to Crown policies.
§ Concern for property rights, which were motivated by self-interest in most cases, ensured that ex- monastic
property would not be restored to the Church. Mary did not press this point.
§ A bill in 1555 allowing the seizure of property of Protestant exiles was defeated.
§ Mary also quarrelled with the Parliament over the issue of succession.
, Role of privy council:
§ Main concern was reversing religious changes.
§ Cautious cooperation – never quite at ease with her councillors.
§ Lost confidence with Paget due to his opposition to religious change, and never fully trusted Gardiner due to lack
of support for her mother.
§ Mary would sidestep council, eg Marriage to Phillip II.
Inefficiencies of privy council:
§ Many councillors were put in place because they were loyal, but lacked real experience of ruling.
§ Minority of MPs (80) opposed reversal of religious changes.
§ Often problem of land that had passed from dissolution meant that nobles were self-interested.
§ Quarrels with parliament over succession and bill in 1555 to seize the land of protestants
Mary’s attempts to pack the commons with Catholic supporters:
§ Robert Rochester, Henry Waldegrave Henry Jerningham, and sir Henry Beddingfield were given key roles for
loyalty whilst Mary grew up.
§ Bishop Stephen Gardiner and other church men.
§ Conservative Councillors - Lord William Paget (Not necessarily fully Catholic but likely to be more sympathetic to
Catholicism.)
§ Influence of Cardinal Pole
Role of Renard: Failures of the government of
Mary I
§ Simon Renard – Ambassador to England from HRE Charles V.
§ Mary Trusted him implicitly, link to cousin (FIL) Charles V § Marriage with Phillip II
§ Spanish subject, Catholic and Politically experience. § Policy of execution of
§ Influenced Mary’s decision to marry Philip II. heretics unpopular
Successes of the government of Mary I § War with France
§ The role of the Privy Council . A new Book of Rates (May 1558) § Failed to seize land of
§ Plans -revalue the currency after ‘Great Debasement’ of 1540s. protestants
§ Succession
§ Revived England’s military and naval tradition
§ Modernised the army. The 1558 Militia Act and the Arms Act
§ Defeat of Wyatt Rebellion
In spite of achievements, Mary is often labelled a failure.
§ Protestants were burnt at the stake, but more were killed under Cromwell in the 1530s.
§ Compared with what was happening in places in Europe, her policy was relatively moderate.
§ Rebellions happened throughout the century – and she defeated Wyatt and his followers with ease.
§ She suffered some divisions within her Privy Councillors, but so did other Tudor monarchs.
§ Her foreign policy, though ill-advised, was no more foolish than some other expeditions in the Tudor period.
§ It is possible to conclude that, if she had lived longer and had had time to establish her rule, and to show that she
could manage without being dominated by her husband (who was frequently absent anyway), perhaps her
reputation would not be so ‘bloody’ and more sympathy would be shown.
Developments
§ Mary’s GOV - credited with reviving England’s military/naval traditions, Elizabeth = means to resist Spain,
§ Under Northumberland, maintenance of royal fleet was allowed to slip, - number of ships been decommissioned.
§ By the end of her reign, the fleet was at the same level it had been at the end of Henry VIII’s reign.
§ The government also modernised the army, through the Militia Act and Arms Act of 1558.
§ The 1558 Militia Act laid down a system -responsible for the recruitment of regional militias during wartime.
§ The 1558 Arms Act established better procedures for supplying weapons into royal forces.
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