Summary
Summary Adolescent Development third exam
- Course
- Institution
All substance for the third partial exam of the course Adolescent Development from the academic year 2020/2021
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
irisdelang
Content preview
Samenvatting - Adolescent Development - Exam 3Chapter 7 - What is the influence of work, leisure and media on
adolescence?
Study identified 4 groups of teenagers based on how they spend their time: academic, social,
maintenance/work and tv/computer
Another study identified groups of teenagers based on how much time they spent on:
extracurricular activities, paid work, schoolwork, time with friends and household chores there
are:
- Adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many different activities
better adjusted and more accomplished
- Teenagers who tend to focus on 1 type of activity
- Teenagers who do not do much of anything outside of school
What is know about the influence of work on adolescence?
American high school students: majority will have worked an after-school job before graduating
- Proportion of working teenagers declined in the past 20 years
Pattern of rise and fall in student employment
- Employment of American teenagers declined steadily during 1st 4 decades of 20th century
Due to compulsory education laws
- Rise again during 2nd half of the 20th century growth of retail and service sectors asked for
employers who were willing to work short shifts for low wages
Trend of teenagers holding jobs during school year began to reverse itself about 3 decades ago, for
several reasons:
- Policy makers began calling for tougher standards in high schools
- Arose a shortage of suitable jobs retraction of economy during the 1st 10 years of 21st
century
- Growth of new technologies expanded leisure opportunities
Studies have focused on impact of employment on psychological development of adolescents 3
broad questions were asked:
1. Does working help adolescents develop a sense of responsibility?
- Little evidence that holding job makes adolescents more responsible depends on nature
of job whether working impacts psychological development
2. What is the impact of working on adolescents’ involvement in other activities? Studies:
issue is not whether teenager works, but how much
- Working more than 20 hours per week adverse effects
3. Is there a different impact of working on middle-class versus poor youth?
- If working complements school than it has beneficial effects on poor youth
,What is know about the influence of leisure activities on adolenscence?
Adolescents spend nearly ½ their waking hours in leisure activities
- Difference between leisure and other activities: adolescents choose their leisure activities
Leisure activities both voluntary and structured provide special psychological benefits
Experience sampling method (ESM): method of collecting data about adolescents’ emotional states,
in which individuals are signaled and asked to report on their mood and activity
- Results indicate: moods of adolescents
Most positive when they are with their friends
Least positive when they are alone
Flow experience: experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at same time
Only experienced by adolescents when they are playing sports or are involved in arts, a
hobby or an extracurricular organization
Extracurricular participation has many benefits:
- It improves students’ performance in school
- It increases the odds of college enrollment
- It reduces the likelihood of dropping out
- It deters delinquency, drug use and other types of risk taking
- It enhances students’ psychological well-being and social status
- It keeps them safe
Time spent in unstructured leisure activities negative effects on adolescent development
- Theorists came up with routine activity theory: perspective on adolescence that views
unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as main cause of misbehavior
After school has let out but before parents have returned home from work: prime time for
unstructured and unsupervised leisure afternoon on schooldays
- Self-care after school: not great benefits for adolescents and may cause problems if parents
do not promote development of responsible behavior when they are with their child
Experts advise parents:
- Provide clear instructions about child’s after-school activities and whereabouts
- To ask child to check in with an adult as soon as he or she gets home
- To teach the child to handle any emergencies that arise
Experts have called for better and more readily available after-school programming for adolescents
- Well-designed programs deter problem behavior by providing adult supervision but they
promote positive youth development
Goal of programs: facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply to deter
problematic development
Key components to program success is extent to which:
- Participants volunteer their commitment
- Are placed in demanding roles
, - Are encouraged to meet high expectations
- Are expected to take responsibility for their behavior
- Are helped to understand the consequences of failing to fulfill their obligations
What is known about adolescents and screen time?
Adolescents use media to distract themselves from negative thoughts and emotions
- New media: digital media typically accessed via computers, smartphones, or other internet-
based devices
- Total media exposure: amount of time they spend each day using one of mass media
Adolescents’ total media exposure is extremely high
- Reading print materials: not increased in past 10 years
Huge increase in last 10 years in amount of time adolescents spend on internet due to easier
access because of smartphones & because internet is used to deliver content that had been
delivered some other way in the past
- All of this has been exacerbated by increased availability of mass media in adolescents’
bedrooms increases screen time and displaces important activities like reading
Link between screen time and mental health of adolescents: how much time is occupied in digital
activity
- Assume that to degree that time on internet is taking time away from sleep and physical
activity detrimental impact on health of adolescents
- Internet can be positive force: if it is used to acquire accurate information
Subject of impact of media on teenagers’ behavior and development much debate and
disagreement and very difficult to disentangle cause and effect
- 3 basic school of thought concerning impact of media on development of adolescents:
1. Cultivation theory: perspective on media use that emphasizes impact media exposure has on
individuals
2. Uses and gratification approach: perspective on media use that emphasizes active role users
play in selecting media to which they are exposed
3. Media practice model: perspective on media use that emphasizes fact that adolescents not
only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret media in ways that shape
their impact
Following terms are important to understand and to be able to distinguish among them:
- Correlation: degree to which two things vary systematically with each other
- Causation: degree between 2 things attributable to effect one thing has on other
- Reverse causation: relationship in which correlation between 2 things is due not to first thing
causing 2nd, but to 2nd causing first
- Spurious causation: relationship in which correlation between 2 things is due to fact that
each of them is correlated with some 3 rd factor
Most of research has focused on 3 topics:
1. Sex: sexual themes are ubiquitous on television lot of sexual content in new media as well
and more explicit
, Whether and in what ways exposure to sexual media content affects adolescents’ sexual
development is controversial
Evidence that repeated exposure affects adolescents’ attitudes, beliefs and intentions
2. Violence: Adolescents are exposed to a lot of violent imagery actual effects of playing
violent video games are small and often nonsignificant when other factors are taken in
How adolescents react to video games depends on whom they play them with
Established that exposure to TV violence in childhood aggressive behavior toward
others in adolescence and adulthood, heightened tolerance of violence and greater
desensitization to effects of violence on others
3. Drugs: Adolescents are exposed to alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs on TV
Exposure to smoking in movies may influence adolescents to start smoking Research
on exposure to ads for alcohol and tobacco, have shown that they changing attitudes of
teenagers about smoking and drinking, both negatively and positively
Impact of social media on adolescents depends on ‘what’, ‘how’ and ‘when’ of it poorly
understood and controversial
- Social communication via internet creates both positive and negative experiences
- Online friends does not displace friendships they maintain in person appears
Fear of missing out (FOMO): excessive worry that others are having rewarding experiences that do
not include you
Research results together: social media sites are a context in which socially rich get richer and
socially poor get poorer
- Impact of social media use on adolescents’ self-conceptions depends on extent to which
they have peer support at school
Internet addiction: disorder in which individual’s use of internet is pathological, defined by 6
symptoms:
1. Salience
2. Mood change
3. Tolerance
4. Withdrawal
5. Conflict
6. Relapse and reinstatement
Compulsive internet use (CIU): different term for internet addiction
Moderate use of social media appears to be harmless compulsive use is linked to a wide range of
mental health problems
- On downside: internet has provided new possibilities for adolescence to engage in risky
activity
Example is sexting: sending sexually explicit content over the internet
Chapter 10 - How does intimacy develop?
Relationships of adolescents are closer, more personal, more involved and more emotionally
charged than relationships of children
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller irisdelang. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $5.34. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67474 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now