PN3 EXAM 1 – STUDY GUIDE
Cellular regulation is the process of cellular responses in order to undergo reproduction, differentiation, and proliferation. There are many factors that can alter cellular growth and function. To understand this concept there are some term you need to be familiar with:...
cellular regulation is the process of cellular responses in order to undergo reproduction
and proliferation there are many factors that can alter cellular g
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PN3 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
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PN3 EXAM 1 – STUDY GUIDE
Cellular regulation is the process of cellular responses in order to undergo
reproduction, differentiation, and proliferation. There are many factors that can alter
cellular growth and function. To understand this concept there are some term you
need to be familiar with:
• Neoplasm also referred to as a tumor, is an abnormal mass of cells. A neoplasm
can be benignor malignant.
• Benign not cancerous; does not metastasize.
• Malignant invade and destroy nearby tissues and spread via metastasis.
• Metastasis spread of malignant tumor to a location distant to the primary neoplasm.
Risk Factors
Alteration in cellular regulation can lead to the development of cancer. There are risk
factors that promote the development of this life-altering disease process. Some of these
factors include:
• Age
• Heredity
• Environment
o Pollution
o Radiation
o Work exposure
• Lifestyle
o Smoking
o Diet
o Risky sexual behaviors
o Drug use
Exemplars
When alteration in cellular regulation happens, some of the following disease can develop:
• Cancer
o Leukemia
o Breast cancer
o Prostate cancer
o Lung cancer
o Colon cancer
o Skin cancer
• Anemia
o Sickle cell anemia
Treatment
Treatment for alteration in cellular regulation can include:
, • Surgery
• Radiation
• Chemotherapy
• Hormone therapy
• Stem Cell transplantation
• Complementary and Alternative therapy
THE PROCESS OF CHANGING A NORMAL CELL INTO A CANCER CELL IS CALLED
MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION
THE ORIGINAL TUMOR IS CALLED THE PRIMARY TUMOR AND IS IDENTIFIED
BY THE TISSUE FORM WHICH IT ARROSE, SUCH AS IN BREAST CANCER OR
LUNG CANCER
METASTASIS OCCURS WHEN CANCER CELLS MOVE FROM THE PRIMARY
LOCATION BY. BREAKING OFF FORM THE ORIGINAL GROUP AND
ESTABLISHING REMOTE COLONIES CALLED METATSTATIC OR SECONDARY
TUMORS
CANCER CELLS:
ANAPLASIA: LOSES ITS SPECIFIC
APPEARANCE LARGER
THAN NORMAL NUCLEUS
POORLY DIFFERENTIATED AND SERVES NO PURPOSE OR FUNCTION
DOES NOT BIND TO OTHER CELLS AND CAN MOVE THROUGH
BLOOD VESSEL WALLS OR TO OTHER TISSUES (METASTASIZE)
HAVE AN UNLIMITED LIFE SPAN AND CONTINUE TO GROW
REGARDLESS OF CELLS AROUND IT
ABNORMAL # OF CHROMOSOMES
MUCOSITIS
INFLAMMATION AND ULCERATION OF THE LINING OF THE MOUTH,
THROAT, GI TRACT BEGINS WITH DRY MOUTH AND CHAPPED LIPS,
PROGRESSES TO PAINFUIL WHITE PATCHES AND ULCERATION
RF LESS THAN 20 YO, HEMATOLOGIC OR HEAD/NECK CA, ORAL
DISEASE, CHEMO OR RADIATION THERAPY
TX TOPICAL AGENS (SUCRALFATE, BENADRYL) OR CRYOTHERAPY (ICE
CHIPS) ANDSOFT LASER THERAPY
GOOD ORAL HYGIEN, INCREASE FLUIDS, EAT SOFT FOODS, AVOID ACIDIC
OR IRRITATING FOODS, AND COOL/ROOM TEMP
ANEMIA
HGB < 12 G/dL AND HCT < 36%
S&S: FATIGUE, SOB, CHEST PAIN, TACHYCARDIA, HA, PALLOR, MENTAL
, STATUS CHANGE
NEUTROPENIA
ABSOLUTE NEUTROPHIL COUNT < 2000/MM
10-14 DAYS AFTER CHEMO IS THE LOWEST POINT
MONITOR FOR INFECITON, TEMP, CHJILLS,C OUGH, SOB, SORE
THROAT, STOMATITIS REDNESS/SWELLING AROUND BREAKS IN
SKIN, CHANGES IN BOWEL, N/V, MALAISE. MOUTH CARE IS VIP AND
WASHING THE AXILLARY AND PERANAL REGIONS Q12H
THROMBOCYTOPENIA TRANSFUSE WHEN
PLT < 10,000 PLT COUNT <100,000
S&S: BRUISING, FRANK BLEEDING, BLOODY NOSE, PETECHIAL,
HEMATURIA BLACK/TARRY STOOLS
AVOID IM INJECTIONS
MOUTH CARE, SOFT BRISTLED
TOOTHBRUSHPREVENT FALLS
ELECTRIC
SHAVER NO
ASA
NO CONTACT
SPORTSAVOID
HARD FOODS
EAT ONLY WARM, COOL, OR COLD FOODS TO AVOID BURNING
MOUTH TELETHERAPY (EXTERNAL)- RADIATION FROM OUTSIDE OF THE
PT
PT IS NOT RADIOACTIVE
EXACT TUMOR LOCATION IS DETERMINE 1ST AND THEN
SKIN IS MARKED PT MUST ALWAYS BE IN SAME POSITION
FOR ALL TX
NEVER USE OIL AND ONLY USE
APPROVED LOTIONSSX: N/V, ABD PAIN,
WATERY STOOLS, AND BURNS
BRACHYTHERAPY (INTERNAL) RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES ARE ADMIN BY INTERNAL
IMPLANTS
NEAR THE TUMOR OR WITHIN THE BODY FLUID BY PO/IV
ROUTE
ALWAYS PLACE IN PRIAVE ROOM WITH A SIGN ON DOOR, LIMIT
CONTACT, AT LEAST 6 FT AWAY AT ALL TIME, RADIOACTIVE
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, NO CHILDREN OR PREG RADIOACTIVE UP
TO 48 HRS AFTER TX
MUST BE CAREFUL AROUND BODILY FLUIDS, PT MAY NEED
TO DBL FLUSH SYMP: SWELLING, BLEEDING, AND BURNING.
FOR PATIENTS WITH INTERNAL RADIATION LIMIT TIME IN ROOM
, SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME ANY COMPRESSION OR OBSTRUCTIONS
BY TUMROR GROWTH OR BY CLOTS IN THE VESSEL LEADS TO CONGESTION OF
THE BLOOD
NOTE ANY: SOB
CYANOSIS
UPPER EXTREMITY EDEMA/FACIAL EDEMA
MASTECTOMY CARE:
NO BP/IVs ON THE AFFECTED ARM
ELEVATE EFFECTED ARM FROM DISTAL JOINT TO
PROXIMAL OF ARM CH 21 STAGING OF CANCER
ABLE 21-5
Staging of Cancer—TNM Classification
Primary Tumor (T)
Tx Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0 No evidence of primary tumor
Tis Carcinoma in situ
T1, T2, T3, T4 Increasing size and/or local extent of the primary tumor
Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
Nx Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 No regional lymph node metastasis
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