Chapter 13: Cultural Diversity and Community Health Nursing
-Describe ethical definitions of Autonomy, Non-maleficence, Beneficence, Distributive Justice and how
lack of can affect health care and access to all.
• Autonomy- patient independence, making own decisions, a self-governing state
• Non-maleficence- to do no harm
• Beneficence- doing good
• Distributive justice- perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by
(distributed across) group members. Distributive justice concerns the equitable distribution
of scarce resources among all socioeconomic groups and population sectors.
Chapter 19: Senior Health
-Identify age-related risk factors and education for Senior Health
• Nutrition status and exercise
• Falls
• Dental, hearing, & vision problems
• Abuse/maltreatment
• Medication safety
o When applicable, anti-inflammatory medications may be administered before physical
activity to address accompanying pain
• Cold and heat stress:
o Hypothermia (very serious)- keep the patient warm; watch for the signs: confusion or
sleepiness, slowed slurred speech, weak pulse, shivering, poor control of body
movements
o Heatstroke (life-threatening) - wrap a wet sheet, move to a cooler area; watch for
hot dry skin that’s usually red, mottled, or cyanotic, loss of consciousness, or
convulsions
-What are functional assessments and why are they used when assessing the elderly?
• Examinations and Tests; a continuous collaborative process that combines observing, asking
meaningful questions, listening to family stories, and analyzing individual child skills and
behaviors within naturally occurring everyday routines and activities across multiple situations
and settings.
• For All Older Adults
o Complete physical: Annually
o Blood pressure: Annually; more frequently if hypertensive or at risk
o Blood glucose: Annually; more frequently if diabetic or at risk
o Serum cholesterol: Every 5 years; more frequently if at high risk
o Fecal occult blood test: Annually
o Sigmoidoscopy: Every 5 years
o Colonoscopy: Every 10 years; more frequently if at high risk
o Visual acuity and glaucoma screening: Annually
, o Dental examination: Annually for those with teeth with cleaning every 6 months;
cleaning every 2 years for denture wearers
o Hearing test: Every 2 to 5 years
• For Women
o Breast self-examination: Monthly
o Clinical breast examination: Annually
o Mammogram: Every 1 to 2 years if aged 40 years or older; check with health care
provider if 74 years or older
o Pelvic examination and Papanicolaou smear: Annually; may check with health
care provider about discontinuation at 66+ years or after three consecutive
negative Pap test results or >2 consecutive negative HPV and Pap tests, no
abnormal results in previous 10 years and not otherwise at risk, or have had a
total hysterectomy
o Digital rectal examination: Annually with pelvic examination
o Bone density: Once after menopause and more frequently if at risk
• For Men
o Digital rectal examination and prostate examination: Annually
o Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test: Annually
• Immunizations for All Older Adults
o Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap): Every 10 years
o Influenza/flu vaccine: Annually
o Pneumonia vaccine: Once after age 65 years; ask physician about booster every 5
years
o Hepatitis A (liver infection found in stool and blood very contagious )and B(is
spread when blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected)those at
risk
o Herpes zoster (shingles): One-time dose
o Varicella (chickenpox): If evidence of lack of immunity and significant risk for
exposure
Chapter 21: Populations Affected by Disabilities
-Medicare and Medicaid access and funding
• medicare
o Medicare is the federal health insurance program for:
▪ people 65 or older
▪ certain younger people with disabilities
▪ people with ESRD (end stage renal disease)
▪ funded by the social security administration (tax payers)
• medicaid
o For low-income families w/ disability and pregnant women
o Funded by federal and state government
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