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Summary Laboratory animal science admission test
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Summary of the relevant wiki education sites about all basic anatomy and physiology topics.
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Anatomy:https://aclandanatomy-com.ru.idm.oclc.org/
https://meded-lwwhealthlibrary-com.ru.idm.oclc.org/content.aspx?
sectionid=168700117&bookid=2212#moore8-moore-8-moore-ch001-topic003
Both:
https://wikieducator.org/The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/introduction/
Vertebrates
- Fish
- Amphibians
- Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals
1. Organization of the body
proximal: nearer to the body – use only for structures on limbs
distal: further away from the body – use only for structures on limbs
caudal/inferior: Near to the tail (use inferior only for humans)
cranial/superior: near to the head (use superior only for humans)
dorsal/posterior: Near to the back
ventral/anterior: Near to the belly
rostral: nearer to the nose than
peripheral: lateral
cephalic: in or related to the head
physiology: branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, form
the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the integrated behavior of the
whole body and the influence of the external environment
anatomy: the science that studies the structure of the body
,metabolism: all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of our cells
(anabolism + catabolism)
anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. These chemical reactions
require energy
catabolism: the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. These reactions release
energy
tissue: a collection of cells
Four types of tissue
- epithelial tissue: covering and lining
- connective tissue: supporting and transporting
- muscle tissue: contracting
- nervous tissue: communicating
epidermal tissue: covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, forms glands
cuboidal epithelium: a type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like)
cells that have large, spherical, and central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelium is found on
the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the kidney tubules, the walls of the renal
tubules, parts of the eye and thyroid, and in salivary glands. On these surfaces, the cells
perform secretion and absorption via diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
squamous epithelium: very thin and irregular in outline, occur as the covering epithelium of
the alveoli of the lung and of the glomeruli and capsule of the kidney.
transitional epithelium: a stratified tissue in which the cells all have a fairly round
shape when the organ it lines is not distended (stretched out). This allows organs
lined with transitional epithelium to change shape without damaging the
epithelial lining. → e.g. in urinary bladder → variable number of layers
simple columnar epithelium: a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are tall and
slender with oval-shaped nuclei located in the basal region, attached to the basement
membrane. In humans, simple columnar epithelium lines most organs of the digestive tract
including the stomach, and intestines. The simple columnar epithelium also lines the uterus.
stratified epithelia: consist of several layers of cells
- cilia are not found in connective tissue
striated voluntary muscle/skeletal muscle: has long fibers with cross bands and nuclei on the
surface, moves bones and facial skin
smooth involuntary muscle: shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification. It
consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus. Smooth
muscle tissue, unlike striated muscle, contracts slowly and automatically. It constitutes much
of the musculature of internal organs and the digestive system.
cardiac muscle: has branched fibers, intercalated discs between adjacent cells and contracts
automatically
cartilage: resilient and smooth elastic tissue, rubber-like padding that covers and protects the
ends of long bones at the joints and nerves, and is a structural component of the rib cage,
the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body
components. It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is much stiffer and much less flexible
than muscle.
, 2. Skin (= integumentary system)
dermis: the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true
skin→ contains blood capillaries, hair roots, and several types of sensory
receptors which may be free nerve endings or encapsulated, it also contains
exocrine (secreting) sweat and oil glands → composed of loose connective tissue
with a felted mass of collagen and elastic fibers
superficial epidermis: the surface epithelium of the skin, overlying the dermis, which
you can see with your eye → when epidermal cells move up to the surface of the skin
keratin is deposited in them, they become flattened and scale-like, they die, and
they are shed (afgestoten) from the surface
keratin: a protective protein, less prone to scratching or tearing than other types of
cells your body produces. It makes the skin waterproof and kills the cells. → found in
claws, nails, hoofs (feet of ungulate mammals), horns (but not antlers as they are
fully made of bone and can be shed, or fake horns as that of giraffes and rhinos),
hair, feathers
epithelial tissue: layers of cells that line hollow organs and glands
Glands: organs that produce and secrete fluids → either exocrine (with ducts) or
endocrine (no ducts, release direclty into bloodstream)
deeper dermis: → containing much connective tissue
superficial fascia: hypodermis, not part of the skin but lies under the dermis
stratum corneum: waterproof, most superficial layer of the epidermis → not
comprised of living cells → thus: protects against dehydration and bacteria
stratum germinativum: the deepest layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes are actively
dividing, melanocytes also inhabit this layer and produce melanin, dendrocytes migrate to
the skin from the bone marrow and become macrophages there
Merkel cells: one of the many sensory receptors found in the skin
Capillaries: the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels, form the connection
between the vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that
return blood to the heart (veins)
Sebaceous glands: small oil (sebum)-producing glands usually attached to hair
follicles → sebum keeps the hair supple and helps prevent the growth of bacteria
- the hypothalamus regulates temperature
- cats and dogs must cool themselves by panting as they do not have many sweat
glands
Mammary glands: milk producing glands → both male and female mammals have
them but they only work in females
Hypodermis: subcutaneous tissue
Fascias: constitute the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the deep structures of
the body. Underlying the subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia) almost everywhere is the
deep fascia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYLXDSq3n1U
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