Test Bank For Brock Biology of Microorganisms 15th Edition By Michael T. Madigan 2024 A+
Test Bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 15th Edition by Madigan, 9781292235103, Covering Chapters 1-33 | Includes Rationales
Buy the official test bank for Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Madigan,15e
All for this textbook (62)
Written for
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Bachelor Biomedical Sciences
Microbiology
All documents for this subject (4)
1
review
By: aleida-s • 1 year ago
Seller
Follow
goedeleb
Reviews received
Content preview
HS 1 The Microbial World
I Exploring the Microbial World
1.1 Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth
Mircoorganisms à Life forms that are too small to be seen by the unaided human eye
à Diverse in form and function
à Live in microbial communities
Microbiology = the study of the dominant form of life on Earth, and the effect that microbes
have on our planet and all the living things that call it home
Growth à the increase in cell number as a result of cell division
Microbial applications:
1.2 Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells
Elements of microbial structure:
- Cytoplasmic membrane à separates the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from the
outside
- Ribosomes à responsible for protein synthesis
- Some cell wall à strength and permeability
- Prokaryotic cell structure
o Bacteria and Archaea
o Few internal structures (lack a nucleus and organelles)
o Long before eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic cell structure
o Contain an assortment of membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic structures called
organelles
Genes, genomes, nucleus, and nucleoid:
- Every cell possesses a DNA genome (full set of genes in a cell)
,Activities of microbial cells:
- Properties of all cells:
o Structure
o Metabolism
o Growth (transcription, translation, DNA replication)
o Evolution
- Properties of some cells:
o Differentiation
o Communication
o Motility
o Horizontal gene transfer
1.3 Cell Size and Morphology
Morphology = cell size and shape
Cell size is influenced by cell structure
- Eukaryotes: can actively transport molecules and macromolecules within the
cytoplasm
- Prokaryotes: rely on diffusion for transport through the cytoplasm and this limits
their size
Small cells à more surface area relative to cell volume
- Have a higher surface-to-volume ratio than larger cells
- Can exchange nutrients and wastes more rapidly (efficient)
Morphologies of prokaryotic cells:
- Cell division has a high impact on morphology
- There are even more different morphologies than described above
1.4 An Introduction to Microbial Life
Bacteria:
- Prokaryotic cell structure
- Diverse in appearance, size, and function
- 30 major phylogenetic lineages (4 major phyla: actinobacteria, firmicutes,
proteobacteria, bacteroidetes)
,Archaea:
- Prokaryotic cell structure
- 5 phyla: euryarcheota, crenarchaeota, thaumarchaeota, nanoarchaeota,
korarchaeota
- Associated with extreme environments (not all)
- Lacks any known disease-causing species of plants or animals
Eukarya:
- Plants, animals, and fungi
- Relatively young
- Major lineages are called kingdoms (six kingdoms)
- Largest single-celled organisms
Viruses:
- Not found in the tree of life (they are not truly alive)
- Can replicate, but only within the host cell
- Do not carry out metabolic processes (they take over metabolic systems)
- Viral genomes are small and consist of DNA or RNA
- Bacteriophages (infect bacteria)
1.5 Microorganisms and the Biosphere
History of life on earth:
Microbes à are a major fraction of global biomass and key reservoirs of nutrients essential
for life
Extremophiles are present in habitats that are much too harsh for other forms of life
- Their properties define the physiochemical limits to life as we know it
, 1.6 The Impact of Microorganisms on Human Society
Microorganisms as agents of disease:
- Microbiology has fueled advances in medicine (vaccination and antibiotic therapy), in
engineering (water and wastewater treatment), in food safety (pasteurization)
- Most microorganisms are beneficial and essential to human welfare and the
functioning of the planet
Microorganisms, agriculture, and human nutrition:
- Bacteria allow legumes to make their own fertilizer, thereby reducing the need for
farmers to apply fertilizers
- Bacteria regulate nutrient cycles, transforming and recycling the nutrients required
by plants and animals
- Microorganisms help with digesting plant matter (rumen)
- Gut microbiome: helps humans to break down complex carbohydrates
Microorganisms and food:
- Microbial growth in food can cause food spoilage and foodborne disease
- Every manner we do with food is influenced by the goal of eliminating harmful
organisms from our food
- Beneficial microbes have been used to improve food safety and to preserve foods
Microorganisms and industry:
- Focused on the use of microorganisms as tools for major industries such as
pharmaceuticals and brewing
- Wastewater treatment à to clean wastewater
- Bioremediation à to clean contaminated environments
- Biofilms à grow on surfaces and can foul pipes and pipelines
- Biotechnology à genetically modified to produce high-value products such as
pharmaceuticals and enzymes
- Fermentation à to make chemicals, solvents, enzymes, and pharmaceuticals
- Biofuels à to convert biomass into ethanol and wastes into natural gas
- Microbes can grow in almost every environment containing liquid water
II Microscopy and the Origins of Microbiology
1.7 Light Microscopy and the Discovery of Microorganisms
Robert Hooke à first illustrated many microscopic images
Antoni v Leeuwenhoek à first to see bacteria (smallest microbial cells)
Light microscope:
- Magnification = the capacity of a microscope to enlarge an image
- Resolution = ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct and separate
- 2 lenses, that function in combination to magnify the image:
o Objective lens
o Ocular lens
- Numerical aperture à light-gathering ability of the objective lens
o A higher magnification have higher numerical apertures
- Oil-immersion lenses are lenses on which oil is used (increases light-gathering ability)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller goedeleb. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.46. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.