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NR283 Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 20, & 21)
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NR283 Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 20, & 21)
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NR283 Exam 1 Study Guide(Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 20, & 21)
*Make sure that you understand all of the terms you are studying, if you don’t know what a term
means, look it up before you continue studying. Take your thinking a step further by asking
yourself “why” as you are reviewing material. This will lead to understanding of the material
versus memorization which will better help you answer questions. Remember, this study guide
does not mirror the exam and you are responsible for all course content; ensure that you have an
understanding of concepts. That being said, if you complete and understand this study guide, you
will be well prepared for the next exam.
*Ensure that you understand all highlighted terms in each chapter
* Answer the question and supplemental questions included with the original question
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
1. What are the 7 steps of health?
-Don’t smoke, avoid 2nd hand smoke
-Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables & Fruit daily. High fiber, lower-fat foods. Limit
alcoholic drinks to 1 or 2 a day.
-Be active
-Protect yourself & family from the sun
-Follow cancer screening guidelines
-Visit doctor or dentist if any change in normal state of health
-Follow health & safety instructions at home and work when using, storing and disposing
of hazardous materials.
,2. What is the definition of disease?
Deviation from normal state or homeostasis: structure or function of any part, organ,
system (or combination of these) or from a state of wellness.
3. Describe what homeostasis is: maintenance of stable internal environment of the body
despite external changes.
a. Which factors indicate how well the body is maintaining homeostasis? (3 listed)
-Blood pressure
-Body Temp
-Fluid Balance
4. Describe the following & list examples:
a. Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or experiencing an injury in the first
place (doctors, vaccines)
Ex.) immunizations, screenings controlling potential hazards at home, education
i. When is this implemented? Before disease is present
b. Secondary Prevention: Baby aspirin-hypertension, frequent monitoring, modified
work
i. When is this implemented? After illness or risk factors have been
diagnosed to prevent complications. To slow progress of disease, limit
long-term disability and prevent re-injury.
c. Tertiary Prevention: Pain management, support groups, rehab
, i. When is this implemented? Diagnosed after complication to prevent &
preserve quality of life. Helping people manage complicated, long term
health problems
5. What are the 3 major health professional organizations who conduct research, publish
findings, track certain diseases and are responsible for signaling warning about
predisposing conditions or current treatments?
-United States Public Health Service
-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
-State & Local authorities
*Findings are gathered by World Health Organization (WHO)
6. Describe each characteristic of disease:
-Pathogenesis: development of the disease or events involved in tissue changes related to
specific disease process
-Onset: sudden and obvious or acute
-insidious: gradual progression with vague or mild signs
-acute: short-term illnesss developing quickly with marked signs (fever, severe
pain)
-Chronic: milder condition developing gradually. Persisting for a long time
(rheumatoid arthritis)
-Subclinical state: pathologic changes occur, no obvious manifestations show by patient
, -Latent stage: no clinical signs. Also referred to incubation period, time between
exposure to microorganism and onset of signs or symptoms. Disease may be
communicable or contagious.
-Prodromal period: early development of disease when aware of a change in the body, but
signs aren’t specific. Ex.) fatigue, headache.
-Manifestations: clinical evidence or signs and symptoms. Ex.) redness, swelling. May
also be systemic=general indicators of illness like a fever
-Signs: objective or observed by someone other than affected individual. Ex.) fever, rash
-Symptoms: subjective feelings felt and said by patient. Ex.) pain, lethargy etc.
-Lesion: specific local change in a tissue . Ex.) blister or pimple
-Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms, affecting more than one organ and occur
together due to certain condition
-Diagnostic Tests
-Remissions & exacerbations: course or progress of disease.
-Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex.) seizure in individual
with a seizure disorder.
Predisposed factor: at higher risk for disease because of life style habits/genetics. Ex.)
coronary artery disease b/c high cholesterol diet
Sequelae: potential unwanted outcomes of primary condition. Ex.) paralysis following a
stroke
Convalescence or Rehab: period of recovery, returning to normal state
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