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Volledige samenvatting, Geschiedenis van het Politieke Denken, VUB
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  • Geschiedenis van het politieke denken (1005391BER)
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In deze samenvatting werden alle lessen van professor Eline Severs samengevat. Twee hoofdstukken werden gegeven door gastproffen en kennen dan ook een andere structuur dan de hoofdstukken van professor Severs. Het gaat om de hoofdstukken omtrent het socialisme en het ecologisme. Met deze samenvatti...

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  • February 8, 2022
  • 186
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

Subjects

  • politieke wetenschappen
  • eline severs
  • geschiedenis van het politieke denken
  • vub

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  • Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
  • Geschiedenis
  • Geschiedenis van het politieke denken (1005391BER)
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2021




Geschiedenis van het
politieke denken
PROF. DR. ELINE SEVERS
SEMESTER 1




0

,Inhoudsopgave
1 Inleiding: ideologieën en ideeën ............................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Het belang van ideeën/ideologie in politiek ......................................................................................... 4
1.2 Wat is ideologie? .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.3 Wat doen ideologieën? ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.4 Typologie van de ideologieën ............................................................................................................. 11

2 Klassiek liberalisme ............................................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Wat is liberalisme ............................................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Liberalisme en vrijheid ....................................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Hoe organiseren liberalen vrijheid ..................................................................................................... 18
Democratie (rule of law, liberale democratie): John Locke .......................................................... 18
De civiele maatschappij (vrijheid van mening): John Stuart Mill .................................................. 20
De vrije markt – Adam Smith ........................................................................................................ 24

3 Modern Liberalisme .............................................................................................................................. 28
3.1 Context ............................................................................................................................................... 28
Modern Liberalisme ...................................................................................................................... 28
Neoklassiek Liberalisme ................................................................................................................ 30
3.2 Klassiek vs. Modern Liberalisme ......................................................................................................... 31
Isaiah Berlin: Twee verchillende concepties van “vrijheid” .......................................................... 31
3.3 John Rawls – A Theory of Justice (1971)............................................................................................. 33
Rechtvaardigheid als fairness ........................................................................................................ 34
Rawl’s visie op rechtvaardigheid ................................................................................................... 34
Rawl’s principes van rechtvaardigheid .......................................................................................... 36
3.4 Robert Nozick – Anarchy, State and Utopia (1972) ............................................................................ 39
Nozick’s visie op rechtvaardigheid ................................................................................................ 40
Kernwaarden volgens Nozick ........................................................................................................ 40
3.5 Slot ..................................................................................................................................................... 42

4 Conservatisme ...................................................................................................................................... 43
4.1 Wat is conservatisme? ....................................................................................................................... 43
Reflections on the revolution in France (Burke) ........................................................................... 43
Conservatisme: een houding of een ideologie? ............................................................................ 44
4.2 Kernwaarden van het conservatisme ................................................................................................. 44
Menselijke onvolmaaktheid .......................................................................................................... 44
Traditie .......................................................................................................................................... 45
Organisch samenlevingsconcept (visie op de MS) ........................................................................ 47
Pragmatische politieke aansturing ................................................................................................ 48
Hiërarchie en autoriteit ................................................................................................................. 49
Eigendom (en “verworteling”) ...................................................................................................... 50
4.3 Vormen van conservatisme ................................................................................................................ 51
Autoritair, reactionair conservatisme (counter-Enlightment) ...................................................... 51
Paternalistisch conservatisme ....................................................................................................... 51
Libertair conservatisme (1970’s) ................................................................................................... 54
4.4 Besluit................................................................................................................................................. 57




1

,5 Socialisme ............................................................................................................................................. 58
5.1 Introductie en geschiedenis................................................................................................................ 58
5.2 Kerwaarden van het socialisme ......................................................................................................... 58
Gemeenschap centraal.................................................................................................................. 58
Samenwerking ............................................................................................................................... 59
Gelijkheid....................................................................................................................................... 59
Klassenpolitiek............................................................................................................................... 60
Gemeenschappelijk bezit .............................................................................................................. 61
5.3 Vormen van socialisme ...................................................................................................................... 62
Utopisch/ethisch socialisme .......................................................................................................... 62
Wetenschappelijke socialisme (marxisme) ................................................................................... 63
5.4 Grondslag van het marxisme ............................................................................................................. 64
Historisch/dialectisch materialisme .............................................................................................. 64
Teleologische geschiedenisopvatting ............................................................................................ 64
5.5 Abreidswaardetheorie en marwistische analyse van het kapitalisme ............................................... 65

6 Anarchisme ........................................................................................................................................... 68
6.1 Wat is anarchisme.............................................................................................................................. 68
6.2 Kernwaarden van het anarchisme ..................................................................................................... 69
Wat hebben anarchisten tegen autoriteit? ................................................................................... 70
Wat is het anarchistisch alternatief? ............................................................................................. 71
Anti-autoriteit................................................................................................................................ 72
Anti-staat ....................................................................................................................................... 73
Utopisch denken - natuurlijke orde............................................................................................... 76
6.3 Vormen van anarchisme .................................................................................................................... 77
Collectivistisch anarchisme ........................................................................................................... 78
Individualistisch anarchisme ......................................................................................................... 80
6.4 Kritieken en hedendaagse relvantie ................................................................................................... 81
6.5 Slot ..................................................................................................................................................... 84

7 Nationalisme, Fascisme en populisme ................................................................................................... 85
7.1 Nationalisme ...................................................................................................................................... 85
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 85
Kernthema’s .................................................................................................................................. 86
Relevantie van nationalisme ......................................................................................................... 91
7.2 Fascisme ............................................................................................................................................. 92
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 92
Kernthema’s .................................................................................................................................. 94
Continuïteit met extreem-rechts populisme ............................................................................... 100
7.3 Populisme ......................................................................................................................................... 100
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 100
Kernthema’s ................................................................................................................................ 101
Toekomst van het populisme? .................................................................................................... 105

8 Feminisme .......................................................................................................................................... 107
8.1 Vier feministische golven ................................................................................................................. 107
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 107
Eerste feministische golf (19de eeuw).......................................................................................... 109
Tweede feministische golf (1960s) .............................................................................................. 110
Derde feministische golf.............................................................................................................. 113



2

, Vierde femnistische golf .............................................................................................................. 113
8.2 Kernwaarden .................................................................................................................................... 113
De scheiding publiek/privaat....................................................................................................... 114
Patriarchaat ................................................................................................................................. 115
Geslacht (sekse) en gender ......................................................................................................... 116
8.3 Gelijkheidsfeminisme of verschilfeminisme ..................................................................................... 121
Gelijkheid..................................................................................................................................... 121
Verschil ........................................................................................................................................ 122

9 Ecologisme (gastcollege) ..................................................................................................................... 124
9.1 Introductie: wat is ecologisme/ecologie?......................................................................................... 124
9.2 Ecologisme: een korte geschiedenis van eco-politiek denken (Heywood)........................................ 126
Oorsprong en ontwikkeling: van biologie tot politiek ................................................................. 126
De kernthema’s van ecologisme ................................................................................................. 128
9.3 Een nieuw ecologisch landschap: nieuwe ideologieën? ................................................................... 133
De structurele ecologische tegenstrijdigheid van het kapitalisme; een unieke structurele
combinatie ................................................................................................................................................. 136
De geschiedenis van de ecologische tegenstrijdigheid van het kapitalisme ............................... 139
Politiek niveau: voor een nieuwe eco-politiek ............................................................................ 141

10 Multiculturalisme ................................................................................................................................ 143
10.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................ 143
10.2 Kernthema’s ..................................................................................................................................... 145
Identiteit en cultuur................................................................................................................ 145
Politiek van erkenning ............................................................................................................ 146
Post-kolonialisme (post WO II) ............................................................................................... 150
Minderheidsrechten ............................................................................................................... 155
Diversiteit ............................................................................................................................... 157
10.3 Kritieken ........................................................................................................................................... 160
Susan Moller Okin: is Multiculturalisme bad for women? ..................................................... 161
Patrick Loobuyck en François Levrau: Ondergraaft multiculturalisme de solidariteit en
stabiliteit in onze maatschappij? ............................................................................................................... 163
10.4 Slot ................................................................................................................................................... 165

11 Religieus fundamentalisme ................................................................................................................. 166
11.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................ 166
11.2 Kerntema’s ....................................................................................................................................... 167
Religie is politiek ..................................................................................................................... 167
Fundamentele waarheden ..................................................................................................... 169
Anti-moderniteit ..................................................................................................................... 169
Militantisme ........................................................................................................................... 171
11.3 ‘Clash of Civilisations’ vs ‘Orientalisme’ ........................................................................................... 171
Huntington: clash of civilisation ............................................................................................. 172
Edward W. Said....................................................................................................................... 175
11.4 Slot ................................................................................................................................................... 185




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