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NSG 221 - Final Exam Study Guide.
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EPIDEMIOLOGYage-adjustment of rates (AKA standardization of rates) method of reducing bias when there are differences in the age distributions of
two populations being compared
Decreases biases d/t non-equivalent age distribution of populations being compared
age-specific rates Rates that characterize a particular age-group in the population, usually with regard to deaths and births
Overcome biases seen in crude rates
Also can be adjusted to account for other biases such as race or gender
analytic epidemiology Method that investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population
group than in another
Complex relationships b/n determinates of diseases
Focus is on disease etiology - cause and effect relationships between predisposing factors or event and
disease
attack rate A type of incidence rate defined as the proportion of agent-exposed persons who develop the disease, usually
for a limited time in a specific population
# of new cases of a disease divided by those exposed to the disease
cause-and-effect relationship a relationship that is determined to exist after certain criteria are met. The criteria are strength of association,
dose-response relationship, temporally correct relationship, biological plausibility, consistency with other
studies, and specificity.
crude rates Rates that summarize the occurrence of births (crude birth rate), deaths (crude death rates), or diseases
(crude disease rates) in the general population
May contain biases b/c denominator is total population and no the population "at risk"
The numerator is the number of events, and the denominator is the average population size or the population
size at midyear (usually July 1) multiplied by a constant.
descriptive epidemiology a form of epidemiology that describes a disease according to its person, place, or time
Focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population and the effects of
person/place/time factors on an illness
Describes the characteristics of people who are protected from specific diseases and of those who have a
disease
Variables: Age, sex, ethnicity/race, socioeconomic status, occupation, family status
ecosocial epidemiology
a form of epidemiology that focuses on the sequencing of genes to determine individual susceptibility to
various diseases.
,epidemiological triangle An organized method of inquiry to derive an explanation of disease, which analyzes three elements: (1) agent,
(2) host, and (3) environment
Host Used to analyze disease development dependent on exposure to an Agent, Host susceptibility, or
Δ Environmental conditions during time of exposure
Agent Environment Most applicable to conditions that can be linked to clearly identifiable agents
Agent of disease (Etiologic factors): Nutritive elements; chemical, physical, or infectious agents
Host factors (Influence exposure, susceptibility, or response to agent): Genetics, age, sex, ethnic group,
physiological state, prior immunological experience, intercurrent or pre-existing disease, human behavior
Environmental factors (influence existence of the agent, exposure, or susceptibility to agent): Physical,
biological, or socioeconomic environment
Epidemiology The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations
Principal science of community health practice
Formal epidemiological techniques created in 19th century - ID factors associated w/ spread of infectious
diseases
Experimental design Form of analytic epidemiology research
Random assignment of subjects considered at risk for experimental or control group
Only experimental group is subject to intervention but both groups are observed over time for occurrence of
disease
incidence rates Rates that describe the occurrence of new cases of disease or condition (e.g., teen pregnancy) in a community
over a period of time, relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or condition during that
same period
Number of new cases in a given time period divided by population at risk in that same time period
Used to detect and monitor short term, acute disease changes
Rates of illness in a defined population
morbidity rates Consists of Incidence Rates and Prevalence rates
rates of death in a population
mortality rates
natural history of disease course or progression of a disease process from onset to resolution
, Study within analytic epidemiologyUsed to discover the etiology3 Types:Cross-sectional studies (AKA
Prevalence/Correlational Studies): examination of relationships b/n potential causal factors and disease at a
point in timeRetrospective Studies (AKA Case Control Studies): compare groups of individuals know to have a
disease w/in a similar group of individuals who do not have a disease to determine if the disease group differs
from non-disease group in its exposure to specific factors or characteristics. Data collection extends back in
time to determine specific exposure or risk factorsProspective Studies (AKA Longitudinal/Cohort studies): ID a
Observational Study group of individuals free of disease and follow them forward in time to determine if/when disease
occursCohort: common experiences within a defined time, and is assessed for exposure to factors suspected
of being associated w/ the disease. Follow them for the development of disease Rates of know
exposure compared to those unexposed - incidence and relative risk are determined
# of existing cases in a specific period of time
Period prevalence
person-place-time model Person: who factors, such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status
(Descriptive) Place: "where" factors, such as geographic location, climate and environmental conditions, and political and
social environment
Time: "when" factors, such as time of day, week, or month, and secular trends over months and years
Point Prevalence # of persons with the disease @ specific point in the study
prevalence rate the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition (e.g., deafness) in a population at a given point in
time, relative to the population at the same point in time
Influenced by # of people who develop the condition (incidence) and the duration of that condition (increase
in incidence or duration will increase prevalence rate)
proportionate mortality ratio number that represents the percentage of deaths resulting from a specific cause relative to deaths from all
(PMR) causes
Arithmetic expressions that allow one to consider a count of an event relative to the size of the population
Rates from which it is extracted
Population proportions (fractions) that are used to interpret raw data and make comparisons
Numerator: # of events that occurred in specific amount of time
Denominator: Population or specified time period
Proportion is then multiplied by a constant (1,000, 10,000, or 100,000), and are expressed as percentages
Ratios are also comparisons (i.e. # of male births / # of female births)
risk factor a variable that increases the rate of disease in people who have them (e.g., a genetic predisposition) or in
people exposed to them (e.g., an infectious agent or a diet high in saturated fat)
risk the probability of an adverse event
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